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Sex

biological component determined on the basis of primary sex characteristics.

Primary sex characteristics:

anatomical traits essential to reproduction

Secondary sex characteristics:

physical traits not essential to reproduction that result from the actions of the so-called male and female hormones

Chromosomes (male)

XY

Chromosomes (female)

XX

Primary Sex Characteristics (male)

Testes

Primary Sex Characteristics (female)

Ovaries

Hormones (male)

Androgen

Hormones (female)

estrogen

Secondary Sex Characteristics (male)

Deep Voice; Facial Hair; increased muscles mass

Secondary Sex Characteristics (female)

Breast Development; widening of hips

Puberty

stage of development at which individuals become sexually mature.

Puberty in Boys

Body Size and Voice : Arms, legs, hands, and feet may grow faster than the rest of the body.
Hair: Hair may appear under you arms, on your legs and face, and also above your penis, Some men also grow Hair on their chest.
Penis: Your penis will get longer and thicker and your testicles will get larger, You will have erections due to an increase of hormones, Erections are when the penis becomes stiff and hard, This is normal
Skin: Your skin may become more oily, You may sweat more producing body odour, so it is important to wash regularly, You may get spot on your face, this is completely natural and can be kept under control.
Sperm: Your body will begin to produce sperm, This means during erections you may also experience ejaculation, This is when sperm is released through semen, This may happen when you are asleep, this is known as ‘a wet dream.’ This is normal
Body Shape: Your body will change shape, and you will become taller, heavier, and broader.

Puberty in Girls

Body Size: Arms, legs, hands, and feet may grow faster than the rest of the body.

Hair: Hair will start to grow in the pubic region (the area between your legs), You may also notice hair under your arms and legs, Many women remove their hair.

Skin: Your skin may become more oily. • You may sweat more producing body odour, so it is important to wash regularly. • You may get spot on your face, this is completely natural and can be kept under control.
Menstruation: Your menstruation cycle or period usually starts between the ages of 9 – 14. • During puberty your ovaries begin to release eggs. • A layer of blood or tissue builds up in the uterus. • This tissue is not needed until you have children and is discharge once a month.
Breast: In most girls puberty starts with breast growth. • It is not unusual for one breast to be larger than the other. • They will even out when they reach their final shape and size. • As your breasts develop you may need to wear a bra.

Body Shape: Hips get wider. • Waist gets smaller. • You will put on weight – this is normal and there is no need to diet.

EROGENOUS ZONES

Popularized in the 1960s and 1970s to describe the areas of the body that are highly sensitive to stimuli and are often (but not always) sexually exciting. • Highly sensitive means these areas of the body have a high number of sensory receptors or nerve endings that react to stimuli. • These are places where a person is generally more sensitive to both pain and pleasure than in other areas of the body.

EROGENOUS ZONES/PLEASURE PONITS (FEMALE)

Ears, Nape of Neck, Nipples, Breast, Lower Back, Clitoris, Vagina, Inner Thigh

EROGENOUS ZONES/PLEASURE PONITS (MALE)

Ears, Nape of Neck, Nipples, Pubic Hairline, Scrotum, Penis, Perineum, Inner Thigh

sexual response cycle

sequence of physical and emotional occurrences when the person is participating in a sexually stimulating activity. Both men and women experience these phases. However, they do not experience it at the same time. Moreover, the intensity of the sensation and the time spent in each phase also vary from person to person.

1950s, William Masters and Virginia Johnson pioneered research to understand human sexual response, dysfunction and disorders, which served as a basis for the theory on the four-stage model of sexual response or the human sexual response cycle.

Stage 1: Excitement. beginning of sexual arousal; preparation of intercourse.

General characteristics last few minutes to several hours

• Muscle tension increases. • Heart rate quickens and breathing is accelerated. • Skin may become flushed (blotches of redness appear on the chest and back). • Nipples become hardened or erect. • Blood flow to the genitals increases, resulting in swelling of the woman's clitoris and labia minora (inner lips), and erection of the man's penis. • Vaginal lubrication begins. • The woman's breasts become fuller and the vaginal walls begin to swell. • The man's testicles swell, his scrotum tightens, and he begins secreting a lubricating liquid.

Stage 2: Plateau. physical arousal builds.

General characteristics extends to the brink of orgasm

The changes begun in phase 1 are intensified. • The vagina continues to swell from increased blood flow, and the vaginal walls turn a dark purple. • The woman's clitoris becomes highly sensitive (may even be painful to touch) and retracts under the clitoral hood to avoid direct stimulation from the penis. • The man's testicles are withdrawn up into the scrotum. • Breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure continue to increase. • Muscle spasms may begin in the feet, face, and hands. • Muscle tension increases

Stage 3: Orgasm shortest phase of SRC.

Climax of the sexual response cycle. It is the shortest of the phases and generally lasts only a few seconds: Involuntary muscle contractions begin. • Blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing are at their highest rates, with a rapid intake of oxygen. • Muscles in the feet spasm. • There is a sudden, forceful release of sexual tension. • In women, the muscles of the vagina contract. The uterus also undergoes rhythmic contractions. • In men, rhythmic contractions of the muscles at the base of the penis result in the ejaculation of semen. • A rash, or "sex flush" may appear over the entire body.

Stage 4: Resolution

During resolution, the body slowly returns to its normal level of functioning, and swelled and erect body parts return to their previous size and color. • This phase is marked by a general sense of well-being, enhanced intimacy and, often, fatigue. • Some women are capable of a rapid return to the orgasm phase with further sexual stimulation and may experience multiple orgasms. • Men need recovery time after orgasm, called a refractory period, during which they cannot reach orgasm again. The duration of the refractory period varies among men and usually lengthens with advancing age

Brain

The most important sex organ is the Brain

Roles of the brain in sexual activity

• Responsible for translating the nerve impulses sensed by the skin into pleasurable sensations • Controls the nerves and muscles used in sexual activities • Sexual thoughts and fantasies are theorized to lie in the cerebral cortex, the same area used for thinking and reasoning. • Emotions and feelings (which are important for sexual behavior) are believed to originate in the limbic system. • The brain releases hormones considered as the physiological origin of sexual desire.

hypothalamus

most important part of the brain for sexual functioning

pituitary gland

secretes the hormones produced in the hypothalamus.

HORMONES: Oxytocin

Known as the “love hormone” and believed to be involved in our desire to maintain close relationships. It is released during intercourse when orgasm is achieved.

HORMONES: Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Responsible for ovulation in females. Sexual activity was more frequent during a woman’s fertile time.

HORMONES: Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Crucial in regulating the testes in men and ovaries in women. In men, LH stimulates the testes to produce testosterone. In males, testosterone appears to be a major contributing factor to sexual motivation.

HORMONE: Vasopressin

Involved in the male arousal phase. The increase of vasopressin during erectile response is believed to be directly associated with increased motivation to engage in sexual behavior.

HORMONE: Estrogen and progesterone

Regulate motivation to engage in sexual behavior for women, with estrogen increasing motivation and progesterone decreasing it.

Anthropologist Helen Fisher proposed three stages of falling in love

LUST, ATTRACTION, ATTACHMENT

LUST

Marked by physical attraction • You want to seduce and be seduced by your object of affection • Will not guarantee, however, that the couple will fall in love in any lasting way

ATTRACTION

Norepinephrine – responsible for the extra surge of energy and triggers increased heart rate, loss of appetite, as well as the desire to sleep. The body is more alert and is ready for action. • Dopamine – associated with motivation and goal-directed behavior. It makes you pursue your object of affection. It creates a sense of novelty, where the person seems exciting, special, or unique that you want to tell the world about his or her admirable traits. • Serotonin – low levels are found in people who are in love

ATTACHMENT

Involves the desire to have lasting commitment with your significant other.

Sexual desire

typically viewed as an interest in sexual objects or activities, and is sometimes, but not always, accompanied by genital arousal. triggered by a large variety of cues and situations, including private thoughts, feelings, and fantasies, erotic materials (books, movies, photographs), and a variety of erotic environment, situations or social interactions. represents a more complex psychological experience that is not dependent on hormonal factors.

Sex drive

a basic, biologically mediated motivation to seek sexual activity or gratification.

Factors the influence notable gender differences on sexual desire:

– Culture – Social environment – Political situations

Men are more visual while Women are auditory and tactile.

Women may place great emphasis on interpersonal relationships while Males enjoy a more casual sexual behavior.

Sex

biological and physiological differences between men and women.

Sex has two main two categories:

male and female.

Sex remains

the same regardless of time and culture

Sex is created by

reproduction needs, that is, biological features.

Gender

social and cultural differences between men and women.

Gender has two main categories

masculine and feminine.

Gender roles

expectations may differ across time and culture.

Gender distinctions are created by

social norms.

LGBTQ+

an umbrella term for a wide spectrum of gender identities, sexual orientations, and romantic orientations.

Lesbian

females who are exclusively attracted to women

Gay

males who are exclusively attracted to any other males. It can also refer to anyone who is attracted to his or her same gender.

Bisexual

someone who is sexually/romantically attracted to both men and women

Transgender

an umbrella term for people who do not identify with the gender assigned to them at birth. Trans woman is an identity label adapted by male to female trans people to signify that they identify themselves as women. A trans man is an identity label adapted by female to male trans people to signify that they identify themselves as men.

Transsexualism

people who believe they were born with the body of the other gender. Transsexuals sometimes seek sex-change operations.

Queer/Questioning

a useful term for those who are questioning their identities and are unsure about using more specific terms, or those who do not simply wish to label themselves and prefer to use a broader umbrella term.

Intersex

people who are born with a mix of male and female biological traits that can make it hard for doctors to assign them a male or female sex.

Asexual

a person who is not interested in or does not desire sexual activity

Pansexual

people who are attracted to others regardless of their sex or gender

What determines whether people become homosexual or heterosexual?

1. Biological, 2. Child-rearing practices or Family Dynamics, 3. Learning Theory, 4. Urban Setting

Biological

Studies on identical twins reveal a genetic origin for sexual orientation, with higher homosexuality in the other twin when one identified as homosexual. Hormones may influence sexual orientation, as studies show that women exposed to DES before birth are more likely to be homosexual or bisexual. Brain structures may be linked to sexual orientation, with male homosexuals having a larger anterior commissure and a different structure of the anterior hypothalamus compared to heterosexuals. Research on biological causes of homosexuality is limited due to small sample sizes, but it is plausible that certain environmental conditions may predispose individuals to homosexuality.

Child-rearing practices or Family Dynamics

Some evidence suggests that sexual orientation is brought about by child-rearing practices or family dynamics. Although proponents of the psychoanalytic theories once argued that the nature of the parent-child relationship can produce homosexuality, research evidence does not support such explanations

Learning Theory

Sexual orientation is learned through rewards and punishments, as seen in the learning theory. An unpleasant heterosexual experience can lead to associations with other sex, while a positive gay or lesbian experience can reinforce homosexuality. However, this explanation is not definitive due to societal low esteem for homosexuality and the statistically unlikely likelihood of children growing up with a gay or lesbian parent.

Urban Setting

Homosexuality is positively correlated with urbanization, which was more substantial in men than in women. Large cities seem to provide a friendlier environment for same-gender interest to develop and be expressed than in rural areas.

There is preliminary empirical research that strongly suggests sexual orientation is not a choice. Just as the majority of the heterosexual people do not choose to be attracted to the opposite sex, the large majority of the LGBTQ+ people do not choose theirs. The only real choice that the LGBTQ+ community has to deal with is whether to be open about their orientation.

Because of the difficulty in finding a consistent explanation for sexual orientation, we can’t definitively answer the question of what determines it. It seems unlikely that any single factor orients a person towards homosexuality or heterosexuality. Instead, it seems reasonable to assume that a combination of biological and environmental factors is involved. One thing is clear though: There is no relationship between sexual orientation and psychological adjustment.

WHAT iS Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)?

disease or infection acquired through sexual contact where the organisms that cause STD are passed on from person to person.

STD/STI are passed in:

1. Blood; 2. Semen; 3. Viginal; 4. Or any other bodily fluids.

STD/STI can also be transmitted non sexually such as:

1. Mother to infant during pregnancy; 2. Blood transfusion; 3. People sharing needles for injection

Chlamydia

Most common bacterial infection primarily spread during unprotected anal, viginal, and oral sex. It usually has no symptoms or symptoms only occur one to several weeks, after having sex. Symptoms(7-21days): 1. Painful feeling while urinating; 2. Unusual "discharge" in the penis/ vagina; and 3. Genital sores

Gonorrhea

Bacterial disease that affects the vagina, throat and urinary discharge. A person gets it from unprotected anal, viginal, and oral sex. It usually has no symptoms or symptoms only occur one to several weeks, after having sex. Symptoms: 1. Painful feeling while urinating; 2. Green, yellow or white "discharge" in the penis/ vagina, and 3. Genital sores.

Herpes

 This is a viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). Herpes affects the mouth and the human genitals.  It is obtained by direct physical contact with the mouth and/or genitals from the person who has it. Also, the disease can be transferred through mouth to mouth contacts.  The virus can be spread through skin-to-skin contact with sores, but it may also spread even before sores can be seen on the infected person.  Symptoms include itchy or painful blisters.  In most people, the sores come and go, but the virus stays in the body for life.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

 This is a type of virus which causes warts commonly seen in the mouth, genitals, and other private parts of the human body.  If the virus will worsen, it will lead to cancer (i.g. cervical cancer)  Genital HPV is spread easily through skin-to-skin contact during vaginal, oral, or anal sex. Condoms do not totally prevent transmission.

Syphilis

 Considered as one of the most serious sexually transmitted infection. Syphilis is caused by a bacterium which can be spread by vaginal, anal, or oral sex without a condom or latex/polyurethane barrier.  The disease has several phases.  People with primary syphilis (early disease) may have pain-free open sores, called chancres, in the genital or anal area or around the mouth.  People with secondary syphilis (a later stage of the disease) often have a rash and/or hair loss. If left untreated, syphilis can proceed to the latent stage during which it may have no visible symptoms but can cause damage to the heart, brain, and other organs.

Hepatitis B

 Is an inflammation (irritation) of the liver.  This caused by viruses that exist in blood, vaginal secretions, semen, and breast milk.  People who have hepatitis B virus (HBV) may experience symptoms like jaundice, fatigue, dark urine, nausea, vomiting, and light-colored stools. The infection is diagnosed by a blood test.

HIV- AIDS

 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome).  It is present in blood, vaginal secretions, semen, and breast milk. HIV can be spread through vaginal, oral, or anal sex without a condom.  This virus causes the body’s immune system to weaken or become deficient.  Many people living with HIV look and feel healthy and do not think they are at risk for becoming sick or passing HIV to others.  Once infected with HIV, there are very mild symptoms or none at all  After 5-10 yrs, the body’s immune system becomes to weak to fight off infections – this syndrome of having many infections at the same time because of a weakened immune system is called AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)  There is NO cure for HIV infection.

Behaviors that makes us at RISK for infection

• Unprotected anal sex between males • Unprotected sex with paid partners • Unprotected sex with multiple sex partners • Injecting with used needles

Behaviors that put Filipinos at risk for HIV

• Younger age of first sex • Younger Filipinos try injecting drugs • More males engage in anal sex • Unprotected sex with >1 sexual partner • Most injecting drug users share needles • Few voluntarily get tested for HIV and know their HIV status – so many may be spreading HIV and not know it

Responsible Parenthood and Republic Health Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10354)

An Act providing a national policy on Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health. • A law in the Philippines that guarantees access to contraceptive methods, such as Fertility control, sexual education and maternal care. • Enacted by the Senate of the Philippines on December 19,2012 • Signed by Benigno S. Aquino III on December 21,2012 • Date commenced on January 17,2013

Specific Objective of RH law

• Reduce by three quarters between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio. • Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, under-five mortality rate. • To have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse, the spread of HIV/AIDS.

Regional Objectives of RH law

• Improve access to the full range of affordable, equitable, and high quality Family Planning and reproductive health services to increase contraceptive use rate and reduce unwanted pregnancies and abortion. • Making Pregnancy safer • Support countries and areas in developing evidence based policies and strategies for the reduction of maternal and newborn mortality. • Improve the health and nutrition status of women of all ages, especially pregnant and nursing women • Integrate gender and rights considerations into health policy and programs, especially into reproductive health and maternal health care

Refers to the process by which responsible and mature couples, if they wish, determine by themselves the timing, proper spacing and number of children born to them.

. It involves three main aspects:  Responsible parenthood  Proper spacing of children  Birth control

Family planning

involves the rational utilization of effective contraceptive methods by married couples so they can space and limit their children to a desirable size in order for them to attain a quality life.

Contraceptive

Prevention of unwanted pregnancy.

Responsible parenthood

Responsible procreation and socialization of children

What is the importance of Family Planning?

• Family planning plays a pivotal role in population growth, poverty reduction, and human development. • Family planning is important for the health of a mother and her children, as well as the family's economic situation(Ajmira, 2014).

Maternal health

refers to the health of women during pregnancy, childbirth and after delivery. While motherhood is often a positive and fulfilling experience, for too many women it is associated with suffering, ill-health and even death. A woman's ability to space and limit her pregnancies has a direct impact on her health and wellbeing, as well as on the outcome of each pregnancy.

Family planning and access to contraception reduce

the amount of maternal and child deaths. In fact, according to Melinda Gates’ talk “every year, 100,000 women who don’t want to be pregnant die in childbirth and about 600,000 women who don’t want to be pregnant give birth to a baby who dies in her first month of life.

Advantages/disadvantages of Family Planning:

Prevent pregnancy related health risks in women Reduce infant mortality Helps prevent HIV/AIDS Empower people and enhance education Reduce adolescent pregnancies Slow population growth

Benefits of Family Planning to the Mother

Enables her to regain her health after delivery • Gives enough time and opportunity to love and provide attention to her husband and children • Gives more time for her family and own personal advancement • Gives enough time for treatment and recovery when suffering from illness

Benefits of Family Planning to the Father

• Lightens the burden and responsibility in supporting his family • Enables him to give his children their basic needs and better future • Gives him time for his family and own personal advancement • Gives enough time for treatment and recovery when suffering from illness

Benefits of Family Planning to the Children

• Health mothers produce healthy children • Will get the attention, security, love and care they deserve

Natural Family Planning

- Is an educational process of determining the fertile and infertile periods of woman. - Known as Fertility Awareness Based methods since it utilizes principles involved in fertility awareness. FERTILITY- Is the capability of the woman to conceive or get pregnant and the ability of the man to impregnate a woman.

Hormonal Contraception/Artificial Family Planning

- Is the use of mechanical, chemical, or medical procedures to prevent conception from taking place as a result of sexual intercourse. - Method that manipulates the hormone that directly affect the normal menstrual cycle so that ovulation will not occur.

Factors that must be carefully considered in selecting a method: Safety

method should be free from harmful side effects both for the person using the method and for the sexual partner.

Factors that must be carefully considered in selecting a method: Effectiveness

must be effective in preventing unwanted pregnancy.

Factors that must be carefully considered in selecting a method: Ease of administration

If it is to be applied by the person like the chemical or mechanical devices, it has to be simple and easy.

Factors that must be carefully considered in selecting a method: Expense and availability

The method should not only be economical but readily available.

Types of Natural Family Planning Methods: 1.Periodic Abstinence ( Fertility Awareness) methods

Fertility awareness methods require a couple to know the fertile days of the woman’s menstrual cycle — the days when pregnancy is most likely to occur. During these fertile days the couple must avoid sex or use a barrier method to prevent pregnancy.

3 Major Techniques used in Periodic Abstinence Methods

A.Rhythm (calendar) Method

B. Basal Body Temperature (BBT) monitoring;

C. Cervical Mucus ( Ovulation)

Standard Days Method (SBM)/Rhythm (calendar) Method

SDM is a fertility awareness method that helps couples predict a woman's ovulation by tracking her menstrual history. It involves avoiding unprotected sex from day 8-19 of each cycle, counting the first day of monthly bleeding as day 1. Cycle Beads, color-coded beads, are used to track fertile days. SDM is effective for 26-32-day cycles, but may not be suitable for longer or shorter cycles.

Basal Body Temperature (BBT)

Monitoring a woman's basal body temperature daily helps determine fertile and non-fertile stages of the menstrual cycle, as hormonal changes coincide with temperature changes throughout the cycle.

Cervical Mucus ( Ovulation)

- Also called the Billing’s method. - Devised by John and Evelyn Billings in the 1960s - Involves examining the color and viscosity of the cervical mucus to discover when ovulation is occurring.