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Behavioral Perspective
Emerged from the pioneering work of Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner. Emphasizes observable behavior that can be objectively measured.
Humanistic Perspective
Emerged from the pioneering work of Carl Rodgers and Abraham Maslow. Emphasizes the importance of self-esteem, free will, and choice in human behavior.
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Perspective
Emerged from the pioneering work of Sigmund Freud. Emphasizes the role of unconscious conflicts in determining behavior and personality
Cognitive Perspective
Influenced by the computer revolution, the cognitive perspective compares the mind to a computer that encodes, process, and stores information. Cognitive processing.
Biological Perspective
Emphasizes genetics, the roles of various parts of the brain, and the structure and function of individual nerve cells.
Evolutionary Perspective
Influenced by the seminal writings of Charles Darwin. Emphasizes the role played by natural selection and adaptation in the evolution of behavior and mental processes.
Independent Variable
The factor that is manipulated or controlled by the experimenter.
Dependent Variable
The factor that is measured by the experimenter. It is affected by, and thus depends on, the independent variable.
Experimental Group
Group that is exposed to the independent variable.
Control Group
Group that is exposed to all experimental conditions, except the independent variable.
Forebrain
structures include the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala and hippocampus, with the latter three forming part of the limbic system which regulates emotions such as fear and rage.
Midbrain
Made up of several smaller structures and supports multiple functions such as vision, hearing, motor control (especially eye movement), sleeping and waking, alertness, and temperature regulation. Includes the important reticular formation that controls the body’s general arousal and our ability to focus.
Hindbrain
The most primitive part of the brain overall that regulates all of our most vital processes (such as automatic/involuntary functions like breathing and blood pressure, as well as hearing, equilibrium, facial movements, and balance) with three structures: the medulla, pons, and cerebellum.