Unit 2

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The population density is clustered towards Lake Victoria and around other bodies of water. This density is Arithmetic.

Arithmetic Density. The total population divided by the total area of land

Define physiological density

The total population of a certain area divided by the amount of arable land

What world regions had the smallest percentage of people living in urban areas at the end of the twentieth century

South Asia

What region of the world has a HIGH population density and a LOW level of economic development

Africa

Carrying Capacity

The limit a certain country or area can sustain before endangering the planet

Why are more people in MDCs living in urban areas

MDCs rely on more manufacturing than farming and factories are centralised in cities and urban areas.

How would you describe a NRI of 0.4

slow population growth.

How do geographers expect Japan’s population pyramid to change over the next several decades given their current birth rates

Negative population growth or population decrease

What changes could local governments, businesses, and corporations make to reverse Japan’s national birth patterns

pronatalist policies

China is facing current and future population concerns. What are these (the current concern will lead to the future concern)?

Chinese population growth is very little, meaning that as the population ages, the workforce will have a lot of unfilled jobs and a high elderly population which leads to high taxes.

Where would you reasonably expect to find a population with a relatively young age structure?

LCDs

Define TFR

Total Fertility Rate - average number of live births per woman in child-bearing age

How are the low birth and death rates for a country in stage 4 of the demographic transition model best explained?

Stage 4 countries don’t necessarily have high birth rates or many children because unlike in earlier stages where children were seen as assets and labour to help work on the farm, now children are expenses for the parents to take care of. The low death rate in stage 4 is because of advanced medical advancements and sanitation and hygiene habits.

What are some population characteristics of countries that are more developed

Low birth and death rates

How are the populations of Japan and Germany similar

very low or negative population growth

How are the populations of Switzerland, Canada, and New Zealand similar

Low population growth

Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model

very low birth rate, low death rate, most of the population is dominated by elderly people. There are not enough kids to replace the current workforce.

How does the Epidemiological Transition Model affect the Demographic Transition?

shows diseases and viruses which contribute to the death and birth rate

Birth rates, death rates, and total population on the DMT are indicators of a country’s?

industrialization

In the nineteenth and early twentieth century, the demographic transition in Europe was best characterised by?

urbanisation

first stage of the Demographic Transition Model

High birth and death rates

What was Malthus’ theory? Why did he propose it?

Malthus stated that the population was increasing exponentially whereas food production was increasing arithmetically, meaning that the population would reach a point of crisis where the population would outsource food supply. He proposed this as the population grew because of increased health and didn’t see the full effects of industrialization and how much that impacted our ability to harvest and produce as much food as we do today.

What are anti natalist policies? Why do some countries impose them?

policies enacted by the government to convince families that having fewer children is more beneficial. Countries impose antinatalist policies when they are worried about reaching their carrying capacity limit and want to limit the population growth.

What are some of the unintended consequences of China’s antinatalist one-child policy?

Chinese culture believes it to be better to have a boy, meaning they killed all the women leaving a skewed male to female ratio making it hard for the males to find wives. China’s population also decreased so much they had to change the law to allow for a second child.

What are the characteristics of the population group that is MOST likely to migrate?

Young single males

How do the changing roles for women influence patterns of social values?

Women are no longer staying home to take care of the children and instead are entering the workforce and going to college, meaning they are having fewer children because they are starting to have children after their career or education which spends some of their child bearing years leaving less time to have children.

Define dependency ratio. What can it be used to indicate

all of the people over the age of 65 plus all of the people under the age of 15 divided by the rest of the population (also known as the working population) times a hundred. This tells us how many people are in the workforce compared to how many people are dependent on the workforce and their income.

What are the issues surrounding countries with a high elderly dependency ratio?

The work force has to pay more taxes to pay for the elderly's retirement.

Pull factors

Something that pulls or motivates a person to migrate to the country

Define asylum seekers. Give an example

people who fled their home country because of oppression and safety reasons and come to a new country asking for protection from the country of origin. In Cuba when Fidel Castro took control, anti communists fled to the US under asylum.

What is the cause of the Syrian refugee crisis

Violence

What are intervening opportunities? Provide an example

something that convinces a migrant to stop their travel. An example of this could be a new job.

Define chain migration. Give an example

a migrant decides to immigrate somewhere else based on other’s influences. An example would be a family deciding to immigrate to the US because their parents did before them.

What type of areas do most migrants want to move to

Urban

Define guest worker. Provide an example

A guest worker is someone who immigrated to a new country in order to temporarily fill unoccupied labour for a new country.An example of this would be someone who immigrated to the US on a work visa.

During what time period was the primary type of intraregional migration from rural to urban?

The early 1900s

What is the major effect of the migration flow to Southwest Asia from other regions in Asia?

Guest workers were migrating to try and find jobs

Define step migration. Give an example

an immigrant migrates to places slowly before reaching their final destination. An example of this could be migrating from Maine to Vermont and finally settling in New York.

What is the impact of the immigration of large ethnic populations to a new country?

It adds culture and economic businesses to the new country.

Explain the demographic characteristics of each country above with respect to the demographic transition model.

Country A has a high youth dependency ratio, and very little elders, indicating Country A is a less developed country. Country B has a more spread out population, with more working age and elderly population compared to youth, indicating a more developed country. Both countries have more elderly females than males because females, on average, live longer than males. Country B also has a lot more elderly people than Country A, indicating that they have better healthcare and sanitation practices in Country B.

Discuss ONE negative impact of EACH country's population structure on its economic development

Because Country A has a high dependency ratio, there is a lot of strain on the current working population to care for all of these children which adds extra expenses and decreases the amount of money for extra things which can decrease the quality of life for the parents. Because of Country B’s large workforce and elderly population, the children will have a hard time filling all of the jobs the workforce is leaving behind when they retire which will make it harder for the country to prosper.

Describe what information the demographic transition model provides about a country

The demographic transition model can tell you the crude birth rate, crude death rate, rate of natural increase and the industrialization and development of a country.

Identify ONE country listed in the table that is in stage 2 of the demographic transition. Describe ONE reason why this country is considered to be in stage 2 of the demographic transition.

Niger is in stage 2 of the DMT. Niger is in stage 2 because they have a high TFR, CBR, CDR and IMR. This indicates a country relies on children as a source of labour instead of machines. Countries in stage two are considered LCDs and they rely on high fertility rates to grow food to sustain the population. They also have low sanitation and poor health which causes high death rates which means the fertility rate needs to be high because most of the children die, hence the high IMR.

Using the data in the table, describe the relationship between birth rate and infant mortality rate as the epidemiological transition occurs in a country.

Birth rate is calculated by dividing the birth rate by every 1,000 people in the population. The infant mortality rate is calculated by how many deaths per 1,000 live births. You will have a higher birth rate the higher your infant mortality rate is because if you know your children are likely to die at birth, you will have more of them.

Explain what the total fertility rate and the infant mortality rate imply about the roles of women in the countries listed in the table.

Countries with higher fertility rates indicate that a woman's role in society is a more traditional view. They are meant to marry young, have children and take care of those children as the traditional husband finds good work and provides and protects for the family. The women are often less educated, especially in countries that are poorer because they can not afford to send their female children to school and often have them help around the house at a young age. Infant mortality rate also indicates that women's health isn’t very developed which means women are expected to have more children because not all of the children conceived will be born and live.