3rd History Test: Women's Suffrage

Progressives

• very diverse group of reformers (African Americans, union leaders, feminists, urban middle class (doctors , lawyers))

• thought the government should take a more active role in solving the problems created by industrialization

• Didn’t like:

  • gap between rich & poor

  • violent labor conflicts between workers & employees

  • rising power of big business

  • corruption in local/city politics

• Wanted:

  • ppl to be more involved in gov

  • responsive & involved gov

  • efficient/less corrupt gov

Muckrakers

• writers who worked to expose problems of society and call for reform through their writing

• investigative journalists who exposed crime and corruption in business and govt. in hopes of bringing about change during the early 1900s

• Roosevelt referred to them as people who write about “dirty” realities of politics

Upton Sinclair

• wrote novel “The jungle”

• investigation into lives and working conditions of stockyard workers in Chicago, Illinois

• these employees worked in enclosed yards where food animals were housed temporarily before slaughtered

• exposed poor hygiene, filth, discomfort, health hazards or meatpacking industry

• educate public on injustices of capitalist society

Pure Food & Drug Act of 1906

• required all food and drugs meant for human consumption pass strict testing to assure safety and cleanliness

• making sure the food was actually what it said it was on the label

• food and drug administration was established to carry out these new laws

• some drugs had to get warning labels

• this act was result of insanitary working conditions that were revealed

• gov was becoming increasingly involved in protecting it’s ppl

Meat Inspection Act of 1906

• required certified trained officials to inspect all animals before slaughter to ensure their health

• disease found = not fit for eating

• once healthy animals slaughtered, have to pass inspection again (bc some diseases are not evident until cut open)

• gov was becoming increasingly involved in protecting it’s ppl

Initiative

• petition that allowed people within a community to suggest new constitutional laws and amendments

• increase democracy:

  • more freedom of speech in gov

  • ppl able to play a role in society and be involved in choices

• initiate legistration/law before state gov

Referendum

• ppl are able to suggest changing or getting rid of certain laws

• increase dem bc express opinions/giving ppl a voice to agree/dissagree with laws

• appeal or keep law

Recall

• voters can remove elected official from office before term ends

• only was allowed in 19 states

• increase democracy, allow ppl to mkae decisions based on their best intrest

Australian Ballot

• voting system where voters mark their choices in privacy

• provides people with comfort to vote for who they want without feeling judged

• south Australia first instituted this idea

• improves democracy because people can have their own opinions

• they will not feel pressured based on others opinions/votes

17th Amendment

• established direct ellection of senetors from voters, insted of them being chosen by state legistrators

• gave sosiety more of a voice

18th Amendment

• prohibited the sale and usage of alcohol

Teddy Roosevelt

• 26th president

• became president after former presdient assasinated

• complicated personality

  • not bullied by others

  • exciting

  • energetic

  • constantly reading/talking/thinking

• kind of a progressive bc he belived ppl should control affairs that took places

  • thought presidents jobs was to carry out needs of ppl

  • supported better working conditions

  • made americnas trust gov more

• didn’t run for re-elcetion bc he promised he would not and said William McKinley’s term (president that got assasinated) was his first term

• thought individuals should be judged on their actions, not wealth or social class

• viewed as brave heroic figure who wanted to end bad truts (viewing ppl based on wealth)

• controlling/taming trusts (not nessisarily killing them)

Woodrow Wilson

• won vote through unintedned consequence of TR progrssive party candicy

  • spilt repub vote causing democrates (Wilson) to win

• only presedent w PhD

• most significant action: set up federal reserve (the Fed)

  • mangae US currentcy system

• reforms focused on economy (banking, taxes, federal resverve system)

• 2 constituational amendments passed during his time

  • 18: prohibition

  • 19: womens suffrage

Election of 1912

• wiliam howard taft had difficulty living up to TR

• TR opposed his renomination ( taft dissapointed him) so he bolted from repub party to form Bull-Moose party which created an oppening for Wilson (and dems)

• Wooldrogh Wilson ultimatly won the vote be TR ran as a third party

Booker T. Washington

• born into slavery

• taught vocational skills & moral instruction to former slaves

• founded Tuskegee Institute

  • provided job/academic training for blacks

• believed industrial education

  • way for blacks to build social status & economic efficiency

W.E.B. DuBois

• raised free & attended radically integrated schools

• 1st African american to get PhD from Harvard

• believed edu was essential

• emphasized academic studies

• believed TALENTED 10TH: most talented/elite blacks should lead all blacks

Cult of Domesticity

• ideology, expectation, and assumption that women must stay within their homes

• job is to care for their husband and children

• separated women from workforce

• created sexual division

Suffrage

• movement for womens voting rights

• progesives belived womens rights would help secure progressive reforms

  • progressives became part of suffrage movement bc frustration w indirect influence on reform

Seneca Falls Convention

• first womens rights convention (300 ppl attend)

The Deceleration of Sentiments

• express inequality women have experienced

• create “all men and women as equal”

• list of grievances written similarly to the DOI

  • helps men relate (through DOI) bc they don’t understand limitations women had

• conveys struggles

• “He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead”

  • if married women don’t have rights

  • they are the same as their husband

  • thought of as a part of him not their own person

Temperance Movement

• fight to limit/ban alcohol in late 1800’s

• women active in this but were frustrated in limited political influence

• temperance brought more conservative women into suffrage movement

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

• major force behind beginning of women’s suffrage movement

  • recognized women’s inferiority in early life

  • kept own last name when married

  • remembers being told “I wish you were a boy”

  • went to slavery abolitionist conference and had to sit away from proceedings in screened gallery

    • ppl cared abt slaves rights but not women’s

  • Founded NAWSA (with Susan B. Anthony) (1869)

  • did a lot of illegal things to push for suffrage/broke social norms

Susan B. Anthony

• early leader in women’s rights

• published radical women’s newspaper “The revolution”

  • called for suffrage, equal edu, employment & trade opportunities for women

• Founded NAWSA (with Elizabeth Cady Stanton) (1869)

• did a lot of illegal things to push for suffrage/broke social norms

Carrie Chapman Catt

• President of NAWSA in early 1900s

• Took state by state approach

  • state before federal

  • convert one state at a time to have women vote

  • win over one state at a time until women vote federally

• more conservative than other suffragists

• tried to support party in power (democrats & wilson & WW1) to seem patriotic

• did not like Alice Paul

Alice Paul

• more radical that other suffragists

• worked closely w Lucy Burns

• initially led congressional commie of NAWSA, but more radical

  • wanted national approach to suffrage

• imprisoned 3 times

• go straight to fed and demand rights

Lucy Burns

• more radical that other suffragists

• worked closely w Alice Paul

• spent most time in prison out of all suffragists (in jail for fighting for rights)

• arrested 6 times

  • had 19 day hunger strike

National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

• led by Carrie Chapman Catt

• pushed for womens voting rights

National Woman’s Party (NWP)

• Alice Paul & Lucy Burns split from NAWSA & formed Congressional Union for Women’s Suffrage (CU)

  • eventually called NWP

• pushed for fed amend for women’s suffrage

• refused to support party in power as long as that party refused refused to support women’s suffrage

• didn’t support war effort during WW1 bc wilson + dems didn;t support womens suffrage

Hunger Strikes

• something women suffragists did while in jail in order to protest and get attention

• Goal: starve until justice was given

• shows that women would die for their rights

• prison guards force fed Alice Paul through a tube to keep them alive while on a hunger strike

Anti - Suffrage

• ppl in cult of domesticity

  • belived women should stay in homes and soulden’t have rights outside houshold

• didn’t want women to be able to vote

  • thought they would have same ideas as their husband

19th Amendment

• granted women the right to vote

• vote was extremely close and final decision was made on input from a senator who received a telegram from his mom asking him to vote for women’s rights (the day of decision), he did, and the amendment was made