AP PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 0 VOCAB/CONCEPTS

Psychodynamic

Psychodynamic

unconscious mind, early stages of childhood, ego

Cognitive

thinking, using your mind, how the mind works

Behavioral

learned through observation, past rewards or punishments impact likelihood of gesture

Humanistic

self actualization, being the best version of ourselves

Biological

brain structures and chemicals influence what we do or think

Evolutionary

survival or reproductive advantage

Sociocultural

cultural gesture or norm, environment influences determine our behavior

Strengths of Psychodynamic

not always totally aware

limitation of Psychodynamic

but total influence, don’t remember childhood

strengths of cognitive

homosapien “wise man”

limitations of cognitive

emotions?, difficulty to see “thinking”

strengths of behavioral

observable, measureable

limitations of behavioral

no thought

strengths of humanistic

positive

limitation of humanistic

too positive, can’t explain bad

strengths of biological

(B) empirical data

limitation of biological

(B) influence of environment and nature

strength of evolutionary

(E) empirical data

limitation of evolutionary

(E) influence of environment/nature

strengths of sociocultural

importance of nature

limitation of sociocultural

no genetics/nature or biology

strengths of biopsychosocial

big picture

limitation o biopsychosocial

too broad

hindsight bias

individuals think one could have anticipated the outcome of an event or study after it has already occurred

confirmation bias

individuals selectively attend to information that is aligned with one’s POV and dismiss or minimize information that challenges one’s belief

overconfidence

characterized by an overestimation of one’s actual ability to perform a task successfully, by a belief that one’s performance is better than that of others

experimenter bias

researchers unknowingly influence the outcome of the research

self report bias

participants inaccurately report behaviors, feelings, or attitudes is often due to memory errors or, in some cases, social desirability bias

social desirability bias

participants answer dishonestly to match the experimenter’s expectations or create a favorable impression

sampling bias

sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn, leading to an inability to generalize the results

false consensus effect

individuals overestimate how many others agree with their beliefs, behaviors, or attitudes

operational definitions

a variable that can be measured in order to find a correlation between the independent and dependent variable in a study

hypothesis

a prediction of a study

null hypothesis

a prediction that has no effect

case study

studies 1 person

quasi experiment

pretending to be an experiment wannabe

meta analysis

stats combination of 2+ studies

correlational

relationship between 2 variables

experiment

can determine cause and effect

naturalistic observation

naturally observing

IRB approval

authority to approve, require modifications in a research

informed consent

asking permission of the participants in the study

protection from harm

nothing bad can happen to them; biological, physical, emotional, psychological

confidential

keeping everything private and anonymous

limit deception

no lying to the participants for researcher benefit, if you deceive then you have to debrief

debriefing

letting the participants know of what happened during the experiment and to explain what they were doing

positive correlation

2 variables increasing or decreasing together; +1.00

negative correlation

2 variables in inverse relationship; -1.00

No correlation

there is no relationship between the variables; 0

illusory correlations

random events that we notice and falsely assume are related

strong correlation

number is closer to ±1

weak correlation

number closer to 0

large standard deviation numbers indicate…

more variability in data

small stand deviation numbers indicate…

less variability in data

positive skew

leans to the left; more data with lower values

negative skew

leans to the right'; more data with higher values

correlation coefficient

measures the strength and direction of a relationship between 2 variables'; range -1 to +1

Does correlation prove causation?

NO

statistical significance

likelihood that a result occurred by chance

effect size

measures the magnitude of a phenomenon