Chapter 10 Psychology (Biological Factors, Social Learning and Cognitive Processes)

Donald Hebb

proposed that human learning takes place by neurons forming new connections with one another or by the strengthening of connections that already exist

Eric Kandel

Studied the sea slug Aplysia and posited that learning and memory are evidenced by changes in synapses and neural pathways

.Nueromodulators

Strengthen the synapses between the sensory neurons and the motor neurons involved

.Social learning

Learning through observing others

.Albert Bandura

he did social learning stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play

Confederate

a person who is given a role to play in a study so that the social context can be manipulated

Bobo doll experiment

nursery school students observed an adult play aggressively (yelling & hitting) with an inflatable clown (Bobo); when children were later allowed to play with the Bobo, those children who witnesses the Bobo doll performed the same aggressive actions and improvised new ways of playing aggressively

Modeling

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Social and emotional learning

the process through which children and adults acquire and effectively apply the knowledge, attitudes, and skills necessary to understand and manage emotions

.Cognitive

how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

Conditioned taste aversion

the acquired dislike or disgust of a food or drink because it was paired with illness

Stimulus generalization

learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response

Edward tolman

researched rats' use of "cognitive maps"

Cognitive map

a mental representation of the physical features of the environment

Latent learning

learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful

Biofeedback

the use of an external monitoring device to obtain information about a bodily function and possibly gain control over that function

Insight learning

The process of learning how to solve a problem or do something new by applying what is already known