Posc quizlet import final

Practical reason (Kant)

independent of our inclinations, primacy(of first importance), should guide our beliefs as well as our actions

Moral actions (Kant)

following the duty we all have based on moral law. Good intent doesn't mean the action is moral. Things are done because they are right. (This isnt a natural inclination but a duty)

Good will (Kant)

good will is the good in itself. (Doesn't mean to want to do good, but to do good because it is one's duty)

To do a moral action/good will is to….(Kant)

perform duty without it being your inclination

Practical reason (Kant) guides these actions because it is independent of…

inclinations

Natural liberty according to Kant is governed by

inclination

contrary to duty(Kant) is considered….

always wrong

Examples of Accord with duty but only immediate inclination include….

paying taxes(do it because u have to)

Kant: Doing something naturally and doing it because of your duty is considered to be….

constant with duty and immediate incliniation

Kant: It is your duty but not natural tendency. This is considered to be….

constant with duty but contrary to inclination

The Trascendental Subject(Kant)

A person without particular interests or external motivations

The Categorical imperative (Kant)

do something as if it would become moral law, absolute good without qualification

Practical Imerpative (Kant)

morality consists of doing ones duty to treat people and yourself not as a means but an end

kingdom/Realm of ends according to Kant

ideal where laws serve the purpose of people as ends and merely means. (A person in the kingdom of ends is sovereign, and is subject tot the will of no one but himself.

Kant on Republican Government and International Law

advocates republicanism and believes in the social contract. (Solution to natural conflict: Sophisticated trade/free enterprise economy. Smaller government. Need international agreement)

What is the first importance to Kant?

practical reason

Dignity according to Kant

humans are free agents capable of making their own decision, setting their own goals, and guiding their conduct by reason.

Freedom according to Kant

autonomy. It is important because moral appraisal presupposes that we are free in the sense that we have the ability to do otherwise

Heteronomous Will (Kant)

will with qualification

Autonomous duty (Will, Kant)

duty, no personal inclination, good will, no other reason other than it is right

Hegel on 'Geist'

Mind or spirit. Ultimate reality conceived in terms of the spirit, which develops itself throughout history on the path to absolute knowledge (Imperfect)

Hegel on Reason

Sum total of reality, not some quality which is attributed to some human subject. Reason and reality are strictly identical. (Only reason is real and only reality is reasonable)

Hegel on Freedom

One person is free (Eastern World). Few are free (Greece and Rome. All are free (Christianity)Goal OF SPIRIT

Hegel on History

History is rational not random. History is spirit in time. It is reality as the progress of spirit unfolds. Wisdom found is only hindsight. History is the story of continual progress

Hegel on the dialectic

It is a concept of conflict and contradiction (how history progresses).

Affirmation (thesis) of Dialectic according to Hegel

an idea found in anytime in history

Negation (antithesis) of Dialectic according to Hegel

the negation of the affirmation. Negation of negation(synthesis), arises from conflict between the two, higher moment of development.

Story of Herr und Knect and the struggle for recognition (Hegel)

Lord and slave and the struggle between them. The master(independent) risks death to preserve freedom. The slave (dependent) loses freedom to keep life. Sturggle of recognition is the struggle for life itself, part of humanity will choose freedom. Needs of master met by slave, master loses ability to provide for itself. As slave works, a new source of meaning independent from master emerges. over time role swapped. New consciousness arises which changes society and politics. Struggle is not resolved until we reach all knowing.

Idea and reality according to Hegel

Essence of all reality is spirit, starts from a single principle or single subject

the state according to Hegel

Universal spirit embodied in the state. It is the divine will. Emboides the ethical idea of freedom. The st

family according to Hegel

considered a basic organization of humans, natural and spontaneous, determined(no choice), develop sense of belonging, representative of particular altruism. Provides morality

Civil society according to Hegel

Where you become an individual(but lose sense of belonging), struggle for recognition takes place, universal egoism(individuality put first). Needs laws to stop conflict

Corporations according to Hegel

Pillars of society, business class

Abstract right according to Hegel

Every right leads to an intended duty and every duty leads to an intended right. One person has the right, the other has the duty. (It is the exterior values of conflict-universal, property, contract, right and wrong.)

Resolution of abstract right according to Hegel

ethical life

morality (Hegel)

we act moral when we act subjectively. Act without direction from the law

ethical life (Ethical idea, Hegel)

comes from morality, moral at universal life. Occurs because of emergence of state from civil society

The state, government, and the dialectic (Hegel)

Monarchy- one person embodies the whole. Executive - civil service (bureaucracy), legislative (upper is landed aristocracy, lower is commercial)

Hegel Compared to Marx

strove to express the way that freedom developed only at the level of the whole society (What he called sprit). Marx sought to uncover the possibility of the social individual, whose free development was the condition without which the free development of all could not come about

Poverty in Civil Society(Hegel)

It is not only people deprived of their physical means, but personality and humanity.

The Dialetic according to Marx

Adopts dilaetic form. Affirmation is bourgeoisie, negation is proletariat, communism is synthesis. Keeps form but changes content. Rejects spirit

Materialism according to Marx

Ideal is nothing but material world reflect by mind. Sees material as real and the realm of material -- production and exchange.

Class struggle (Marx)

the conflict of interests between the workers and the ruling class in a capitalist society, regarded as inevitably violent.

Alienation (Marx)

4 kinds that characterize capitalist society. 1) Alienation from products of our labor, 2) alienation from the process of labor (labor as an essential human activity), e) alienation from our species (being), 4) Alienation from other humans (class struggle). Communism is the opposite of this.

Two types of communism (crude, Marx)

negates personality of man, the problems of capitalism are not solved. Role of worker not abolished, but extended, private property not abolished.

Two types of communism (Authentic, Marx)

aboloshies all problems of capitalism, return to social state.

Freedom (Marx)

found positively in relations with our people (community)

Ideas and ruling class (Marx)

ideas of an age are the ideas of the ruling class

Ten prescriptions for Change in the Manifesto

Eliminate private ownership of land, create a heavy income tax, abolish inheritance, lands of immagrants and rebels confiscated, create a federal bank where all loans are owned by gov to create a monopoly, centralize communication and transportation, federal government own instruments of production, everyone liable to work, combine agriculture and manufacturing, create public education for kids/band work in factories for kids.

Means of Production (Marx)

tools and raw material used to create something

Relationship of production to society(Marx)

Capitalism begins with money. Profit comes from surplus labor from workers who don't receive profit

Marx and Engels on the State

Engels believed that the modern state, no matter what form of government, is essentially a capitalist machine.

labor and human nature (Marx)

laboring animals by nature, now laborers feel no connection to labor, though it is in our nature.

Mill and Bentham thoughts on Utilitarianism

Greatest happiness for the greatest amount of people

felicific calculus (Bentham)

an algorithm to determine which action will produce the greatest pleasure

Quality of pleasure (Mills)

Size doesn't matter

Two sovereign masters (Bentham)

Pleasure and pain

"Pushpin and poetry" (Bentham)

Quality of activity doesn't matter, just the quantity of pleasure they bring to the person. Mill thought the opposite.

Mill on Representation (and majoritarian democracy)

Proportional Representation is best because it allows for the minority voice to be heard.

Mill's "democracy of excellence"

Have proportional representation, plurality of votes (votes of intelligent count more), and reason must guide power

Bentham on self-interest

we are guided by self interest but we can have a doctrine that begins with self-interest for the good or good of others. We must be impartial to the happiness of ourselves.

Mill on the state

The proper role of the state is a minimal involvement. Government should encourage and guide, but not take over.
3 rules:

1. Sometimes individuals can do things better than the government.
2. Even when the government can do something better individuals should still do it.
3. the more power that's given to the government the worse it is.

Mill's view of progress and human development

Three Stages of History (in descending order):

1. Liberty / self-government; individual and social development (most developed).
2. Labor / industry; need for economic development.
3. Obedience; private community (least developed).

Mill on Suffrage

Suffrage should be universal but weighted (for people who study politics, have education or contribute to society)

Mill on women

He advocated for women's rights

Mill on Tyranny of Magistrate (government)

dictator/oligarchy

Mill on tyranny of the majority

majority will always oppress minority, exists in every society

Mill on Tyranny of society

Society itself, social tyranny is more formidable than political oppression (fewer means of escape because of HUMAN spirit)

Rawls on social contract

rawls aims at creating a conception of justice that highers the abstraction of the social contract theories presented by Locke, Rousseau, and Kant. (taken to a higher level of abstraction, free and rational people would agree to EQUALITY).

Rawls on the social goods in comparison to Kant

liberty, rights, opportunity, wealth and politics

Rawls on the natural goods in comparison to Kant

inherent characteristics, other thing that can not be made.

Rawls on justice as fairness

Justice = Fairness (Equality)

Rawls on the distribution of social goods.

All social goods are to be distributed equally, unless an unequal distribution would be everyone's advantage. (Since citizens are fundamentally equal, reasoning about justice should begin from a presumption that all cooperatively produced goods should be equally divided)

Rawls on original position

the original position is equality, rational actor not influenced by self-interest. (Original position asks the question, what are fair terms of social cooperation for free and equal citizens)

Rawls on the veil of ignorance

A hypothetical in which one is unaware of the characteristics of themself (race, ender, etc. By doing this, we look at what is fair without bias, -> how laws should be made)

Rawls on two principles of justice

1. Equal liberty and rights for all
2. Difference principle - social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they maximize the minimum; to benefit the least advantaged and equal opportunity for all (this doesn't necessarily mean that money is distributed evenly).

Rawls on the Two Priority Rules

1. The Priority of Liberty - ability to hold office, freedom of speech, right to vote, own property, and political liberty; restriction of liberty is only justified in order to promote more liberty; liberty is prior to equality
2. The Priority of Justice over Efficiency and Welfare - maximizing the sum of advantages; justice is prior to efficiency.

Adam smith on Self-interest

The individual (who acts in self-interest) unconsciously promoted the good of the whole society

Adam Smith's "invisible hand" refers to

the process by which individuals acting in their own self-interest bring about a market outcome that benefits society as a whole (No government intervention).

Adam Smith on Butchers, bakers, brewers

People do not act or give us something because of kindness, but because of self-interest.

Adam Smith on the proper role of government

function of government is limited, but they provide maintenance, security, support, and equality. (Individuals ought to act without restriction to free market, trade and competition (capitalism)

Was Smith utilitarian

Yes, because he sought a system that was free and equal for everybody based on OPPORTUNITY

Spencer on "survival of the fittest"

Applied evolutionary concepts to social relationships. The quality of society is physically lowered by its most feeble members.

Spencer on Simplicity / Complexity

All existence grew through a series of transformations from the simple to the complex by successive diversity.

Spencer on "The Good for Nothing"

referred to the poor as "good for nothing."
Programs to help the poor were undesirable since they might make them stronger thus allowing to pass on their weakness.

Spencer on Society as Organic

thought that human beings exhibited a natural sympathy and concern for one another and believed that social life was an extension of the life of a natural body.

Spencer on the Role of the State and Role of the Government

role of state is limited to protection, no restrctions should be placed on commerce and no provision for social welfare or education

Spencer on the Spurious Philanthropist

believed that legislators and philanthropists hinder the "adaptation" process (survival of the fittest) when they should be aiding it.

Spencer on Nature's Discipline

The whole effort of nature was to get rid of the inefficient and to make room for the better. If they were not sufficiently complete to live, they died, and it was best that they should die.

Pope Leo XIII on Reason and will as it relates to the soul

"Reason sees that whatever things that are held to be good upon earth … it leaves the will free to choose what it pleases." Further says that the soul is simple, spiritual, and intellectual and created by God. The soul is "endowed with reason."

Pope Leo XIII on the church and freedom (liberty)

"According to the church: freedom/liberty is only given to people who have the gift of reason or intelligence."

Pope Leo XIII on Morality, Freedom, and Law

"Law guides the actions of man, turns him towards good and away from evil. Law is the ordination of reason"

Pope Leo XIII on Natural and Eternal Law

"Natural law is engraved in the mind of every man and this is nothing but our reason.
Eternal Law: nothing but the eternal reason of God."

Pope Leo XIII on God and Man, Good and Evil

Forbid the state to be Godless

Pope John XXIII on the economic order and the common good

Economic order is the creation of personal initiative of private citizens, but public authorities must not remain inactive and must promote progress

Pope John XXIII on personal initiative and public responsibility

The presence of the state in the economy must not restrict freedom of personal initiative of individual citizens. State should promote individuals to exercise free development of productive activities.

Pope John XIII on socialization

Includes economic planning and state-run welfare programs. He expressed an earnest wish that Roman Catholic bishops give more and more attention to spreading this social doctrine

Pope John XXIII on aid to lesser developed nations

We are all equally responsible for undernourished people of the world and are bound to care for them (contradiction to Spencer) Must help underdeveloped nations.

Pope John XXIII's ideology

Man separate from God becomes inhuman to himself

Maritain on "man as person and the notion of personality

As an individual man is treated only in part, but as a person he is treated in whole. Man seeks fullness of his personality and autonomy.