Sport Science - Biomechanics

Motion

Movement of an object from one place to another

Types of motion

Linear and angular

Inertia

The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion. Objects with more mass have greater inertia.

Velocity

Describes how fast something moves in a particular direction

Velocity Equation

Velocity=Displacment/time

Mass

The amount of mater in an object (kg). More mass = more force needed to move it.

Distance vs Displacement

Distance is the total path covered. displacement is the shortest straight line distance from start to finish

Newton’s three laws of motion

Law of inertia, Law of acceleration, law of action-reaction

Law of inertia

an object will stay at rest or keep moving in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force

Law Of Acceleration

force = mass × acceleration (F=ma)

Law Of Action-Reaction

for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Force Equation

Force = Mass _^x Acceleration

Force

can cause a object to start, stop, change speed, or change direction

Acceleration equation

acceleration = Change in Velocity / Time taken

acceleration

an increase in speed or change in direction

Summation of forces

The process of using multiple body parts in sequence to generate maximum force. sequential summation of force: Body parts move in a coordinated order to generate greater force (e.g., throwing a ball, kicking a football)

Momentum Equation

Momentum = mass _^x velocity

momentum

The greater the momentum, the harder it is to stop an object. When two objects collide, momentum is transferred

Balance

The ability to maintain control of body position

Stability

resistance to movement or being knocked over.

Equilibram

a state of balance

example of equilibriums

Static and dynamic

Static equilibrium

No movement e.g., standing still

dynamic equilibrium

Balance while moving e.g., running, cycling

Factors affecting stability

Base of support

Centre of gravity

line of gravity

What are the three different types of levers

First Class lever

Second Class Lever

Third Class Lever

First Class Lever

Fulcrum/axis is between effort and load e.g., seesaw, neck joint in the body

Second Class Lever

Load is between the fulcrum/axis and effort e.g., wheelbarrow, calf raise in body

Third Class Lever

effort is between fulcrum/axis and load e.g., bicep curl, fishing rod.