Function Transformations

y = f(x)

y = f(x)

no transformation

y = a*f(x)

vertical stretch by a scale factor of a

y = f(a*x)

horizontal compression by a scale factor of a / horizontal stretch by a scale factor of 1/a

y = f(x+a)

horizontal translation by -a

y = -f(x)

reflection across the x axis

y = f(-x)

reflection over the y axis