biological molecules

Starch stores energy

________ in plants and is a mixture of two polysaccharides called amylose and.

Polymers

________ are molecules made from many monomers joined together.

Adenosine triphosphate

________ is a nucleotide derivative and consists of ribose, adenine and three phosphate groups.

fatty acids

In phospholipids, one of the ________ of a triglyceride is substituted by a phosphate- containing group.

Enzyme

________ (not the active site) is altered by the inhibitors.

Sucrose

________ is a disaccharide formed by condensation of glucose & fructose.

Lactose

________ is a disaccharide formed by condensation of glucose & galactose.

Glycogen

________ and starch which are both formed by the condensation of alpha glucose.

Glucose

________ is a monosaccharide containing six carbon.

Hydrogen bonds

________- numerous and easily broken.

Energy

________ is released when ATP is hydrolysed to form ADP and a phosphate molecule.

Condensation of ADP

________ and inorganic phosphate catalysed by ATP synthase produces ATP.

Microfibrils

________ are strong threads which are made of long cellulose chains running parallel to one another that are joined together by hydrogen bonds forming strong cross linkages.

Hydrolysis

________ is the opposite of a condensation reaction and is when water is added to break a chemical bond between two molecules.

aqueous environment

In a(n) ________ being polar means a bilayer can be formed.

Nucleotides

________ join together by phosphodiester bonds formed in condensation reactions.

Triglycerides

________ are lipids made of one molecule of glycerol and M three fatty acids joined by ester bonds formed in condensation reactions.

inorganic phosphate

The ________ can be used to phosphorylate other compounds, as a result making them more reactive.

Carbohydrates

________ are molecules which consist only of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and they are long chains of sugar units called saccharides.

Hydrogen bond form

________ bridges between the phosphodiester uprights.

dilute HCI

The ________ will hydrolyse the disaccharides and polysaccharides into their constituent monosaccharides.

pH

They are easily broken by ________ and are weaker than disulfide bridges.

purple colouration

A(n) ________ indicates the presence of a peptide bond and hence a protein.

Polysaccharides

________ are formed from many glucose units joined together and include:

Pepsin

________ in the stomach works in very acidic.

cloudy white colour

A(n) ________ indicates the presence of a lipid.

DNA

________ is a stable molecule for the following reasons:

high ratio of hydrogen oxygen atoms

A(n) ________ means that triglycerides release water when they are.

NH

The hydrogen in the ________ has a slight positive charge whilst the oxygen in the C- O has a slight negative charge.

molecule

The ________ that the enzyme acts upon is called the substrate.

Maltose

________ is a disaccharide formed by condensation of two glucose molecules.

Amylopectin

________ is branched and is made up of glucose molecules joined by 1, 4 and 1, 6 glycosidic bonds.

Disulfide

________ bridges- interactions between the sulfur in the R group of the amino acid.

ATP

________ is used in a variety of different ways, these include, metabolic processes, movement, active transport, secretion and activation of molecules.

globular proteins

They are 3D tertiary structured ________ whose shape is determined by the primary sequence of amino acids.

Amino acids

________ are joined by peptide bonds formed in condensation reactions.

deoxyribonucleic

Both ________ and ribonucleic acid are polymers of nucleotides.

Water

________ is a very important molecule which is a major component of cells, for instance:

Phosphate ions

________ are a component of DNA and ATP.

Monomers

________ are joined by a chemical bond in a condensation reaction whereby a water molecule is eliminated.

single monomer

A(n) ________ is called a monosaccharide with a pair of monomers being called a disaccharide.

Phosphate heads

________ are hydrophilic (loves water) and the tails are hydrophobic (hates water) and as a result phospholipids form micelles when they are in contact with water.

alkaline solution of Copper

Reagent is a(n) ________ (II) Sulfate.

Ribosomes

________ are formed of ribosomal RNA and proteins.

Lonic bonds form

________ between the carboxyl and amino groups that are not involved in the peptide bond.

Lipids

________ are biological molecules made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen which are only soluble in organic solvents such as alcohols.

DNA helicase

An enzyme, ________, causes the two strands of DNA to separate breaking the hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases.

strong cohesion

The ________ supports columns of water, as a result of strong cohesion the surface tension at the water- air boundary is high.

Cellulose

________ is important in stopping the cell wall from bursting under osmotic pressure.

Amylose amylose

________ is an unbranched chain of glucose molecules joined by 1, 4 glycosidic bonds, and as a result amylose is coiled and thus a very compact molecule storing a lot of energy.

The Benedict's Test is summarised below

1. with)

The process occurs as follows

1

Saturated lipids such as those found in animal fats

saturated lipids don't contain any carbon-carbon double bonds

In phospholipids, one of the fatty acids of a triglyceride is substituted by a phosphate

containing group

Amino acids contain an amino group (NH2), carboxylic acid group group (-COOH) and a variable R group which is a carbon

containing chain

The secondary structure is the shape that the chain of amino acids chains

either alpha

Disulfide bridges

interactions between the sulfur in the R group of the amino acid

Hydrogen bonds

numerous and easily broken

Biuret Test

Test for Proteins

Temperature

rate of reaction increases up to the optimum temperature as the kinetic energy of the enzyme increases

PH

The pH of a solution is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration

solution can be calculated using the following formula

pH = -logo[H+]

Concentration of non-competitive reversible inhibitors as concentration on non

competitive reversible inhibitors increases, rate of reaction decreases as the shape of the

Water is a polar molecule due to the uneven distribution of charge within the molecule

the hydrogen atoms are more positive than the oxygen atom causing one end of the molecule to be more positive than the other

hydrogen ions which determine the pH of substances such as blood

the higher the concentration of hydrogen ions the lower the pH