anatomy 2 midterm 2

pulmonary ventilation

air flows between atmosphere and alveoli of lungs

external (pulmonary) respiration

exchange between alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries; gain O2 and lose CO2

internal (tissue) respiration

exchange of gas between blood in capillaries and tissue cells; consume O2 and create CO2 (cellular respiration)

upper respiratory system

nose, pharynx, and associated structures

lower respiratory system

larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

conducting zone

pathway of cavities and tubes outside and inside lungs; nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles; NO exchange

respiratory zone

tubes and tissues in lungs where gas exchange happens; bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

nasal cavity functions

filtering incoming air, detecting olfactory stimuli, modifying speech vibrations passing through nasal sinuses

internal anatomy of nose

frontal bone, frontal sinus, nasal bone, maxillary bone

internal portion of nose communicates with

paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx

nasal cavity is divided into R and L sides by the

nasal septum

mucous membranes in nose contain [blank] that moisten the air and trap dust particles

goblet cells

drainage from [blank] goes into nasal cavity

nasolacrimal ducts

pharynx functions

passageway for air and food, resonating chamber for speech, houses tonsils

tonsil functions

participate in immunological rxns against foreign invaders

anatomic regions of pharynx

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

larynx parts

thyroid cartilage, epiglottis, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid + corniculate + cuneiform cartilages

adam’s apple is actually

the thyroid cartilage

epiglottis function

prevent food from entering the larynx

cricoid cartilage connects w/

the larynx and trachea; ring of hyaline cartilage

landmark for tracheotomy

cricoid cartilage

arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform cartilage purpose

moves vocal cords

larynx contains [blank] which produce sound when they vibrate

true vocal cords

[blank] vocal folds prod. high pitches, [blank] vocal cords prod. low pitches

taunt; relaxed

vocal cords vibrate to make all vocal sounds and voiced sounds like

b, d, g, z

vocal cords do not vibrate for voiceless sounds like

p, t, k , s

your lungs give you air to make every sound, especially [blank] b/c it’s all air

h

laryngitis

inflammation of larynx (acute or chronic)

acute inflammation of larynx can be caused by

respiratory infections or irritants

chronic inflammation of larynx can be caused by

long term smoking

trachea (windpipe) is [blank] to the esophagus

anterior + extends from larynx to the main bronchi

trachea consists of

smooth muscle and c-shaped rings of cartilage, lined w/ pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

c-shapes cartilage rings (tracheal rings)

keep the airway open

endotracheal intubation

machine is breathing for you

tracheostomy

not able to breathe through nasal cavity b/c of blockage

trachea divides into the [blank]

right and left main bronchi

bronchial tree consists of

trachea, main bronchi, lobar (secondary) bronchi, segmental (tertiary) bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

going down trachea, mucus membrane changes from ciliated pseudo stratified epithelium w/ many goblet cells to

non-ciliated cuboidal epithelium in the smallest bronchioles

terminal bronchioles contain [blank] cells among epithelial cells

exocrine bronchiolar (Clara)

Clara cell function

protects against toxins and produce surfactant

c-rings of trachea are replaces by plates of cartilage and eventually [blank] completely in the bronchioles

disappears

as the amount off cartilage decreases, the amount of smooth muscle [blank] in bronchioles

increases

epithelium of respiratory membrane removes inhaled particles by

using mucus prod. goblet cells and using cilia to move mucus and trapped particles to pharynx for removal

in areas w/ conciliated simple cuboidal epithelium, what happens to particles?

they are removed by macrophages

each lung is enclose and protected by a double-layer serous membrane called the [blank]

pleural membrane

outer layer of pleural membrane

partial pleura; attached to wall of thoracic cavity

inner layer of pleural membrane

visceral pleura; covering lungs themselves

lubricating fluid in pleural cavity

reduces friction between membranes, allowing them to slide easily over one another while breathing

filling of the pleural cavity w/ air due to chest injury

pneumothorax; air entering intrapleural space from outside or from alveoli

pleural effusion

accumulation of excess fluid in the pleural space

thoracentesis

removal of excessive fluid in pleural cavity w/ a needle

which lung is longer and narrower (R or L)

left lung

which lung is wider (R or L)

right lung

interior portion of the lung

base

narrow, superior portion of the lung

apex

how many lobes and fissures does the right lung have

3 lobes; 2 fissures

how many lobes and fissures does the left lung have

2 lobes; 1 fissure and a depression (cardiac notch)

what are lobules

small compartments in a bronchopulmonary segment

lobules contain

lymphatics, arterioles, venues, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

alveolar wall consists of

pneumocyte type I, pneumocyte type II, and alveolar macrophages

pneumocyte type I is responsible for

gas exchange

pneumocyte type II is a

surfactant

respiratory membrane is composed of

a layer of pneumocytes (type I and type II) and alveolar macrophages (alveolar wall), an epithelial basement membrane under the alveolar wall, a capillary basement membrane fused to the epithelial basement membrane, the capillary endothelium

what is a surfactant

a mucous membrane that lowers surface tension of alveolar fluid and prevents alveoli from collapsing on top of each other w/ each expiration

blood enters lungs via

pulmonary arteries and bronchial arteries

pulmonary arteries provide [blank] circulation

pulmonary

bronchial arteries provide [blank] circulation

systemic

ventilation-perfusion coupling

lungs perform vasoconstriction in response to hypoxia and diverts pulmonary blood to well ventilated areas

respiration occurs in 3 steps:

pulmonary ventilation, external respiration and internal respiration

pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

inhaling (inflow) and exhaling (outflow) of air; exchange between atmosphere and alveoli

air flows between atmosphere and alveoli b/c of

pressure differences created by contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles

boyle’s law

pressure more = air volume less, air volume more = pressure less

first step of inhalation

contraction of diaphragm

inhalation occurs when

alveolar (intrapulmonic) pressure falls below atmospheric pressure

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles increases size of thorax, therefore [blank]

decreasing the intrapleural (interthroacic) pressure so lungs expand

expansion of lungs [blank] alveolar pressure so that [blank]

decreases; air moves along pressure gradient from atmosphere into lungs

exhalation occurs when

alveolar pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure

relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles results in [blank] which [blank]

elastic recoil of chest wall and lungs; increases intrapleural pressure, decreases lung volume, increases alveolar pressure so air moves from lungs to atmosphere