Lecture Notes Flashcards

Flashcards for Genetics, Ecology, Evolution, and the Immune System

DNA is a __

double helix, bases = A-T, C-G

RNA is a __

single strand, bases = A-U, C-G

__ is when DNA copies itself before cell division

DNA copies itself before cell division

__ is the process of DNA becoming mRNA

DNA → mRNA

__ is the process of mRNA becoming Protein

mRNA → Protein (in ribosome)

__ carries the code for building proteins from the nucleus to the ribosome

mRNA brings the code from the nucleus to the ribosome

__ brings amino acids to build protein chains

tRNA brings amino acids to build protein chains

A __ is a change in DNA sequence

a change in DNA sequence

Punnett Squares show __

probability of offspring traits

A dominant trait is __

always expressed (capital letter)

A recessive trait is __

only expressed if both alleles are recessive

__ refers to the genetic makeup

genetic makeup (e.g., Bb)

__ refers to the physical trait

physical trait (e.g., brown eyes)

The levels of organization in Ecology are __

Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere

A producer __

makes own food (photosynthesis)

A consumer __

eats others (herbivore, carnivore, omnivore)

A decomposer __

breaks down dead matter (fungi, bacteria)

The carbon cycle includes __

photosynthesis (plants use CO2) and respiration (releases CO2)

The water cycle includes __

evaporation, condensation, precipitation

The nitrogen cycle includes __

nitrogen fixation by bacteria

__ refers to the variety of life

variety of life; helps ecosystems stay stable

Invasive species __

harm native species

__ is when organisms with favorable traits survive and reproduce

Organisms with favorable traits survive and reproduce

"Survival of the fittest" means __

best adapted live longer

Evidence for Evolution includes __

Fossils, DNA similarities, Homologous structures, Embryology

__ are traits that help organisms survive in their environment

Traits that help organisms survive in their environment

__ is when a species splits into two different species due to isolation

When a species splits into two different species due to isolation

__ are microorganisms that cause disease

Microorganisms that cause disease: bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites

The first line of defense against pathogens includes __

Skin, mucus, tears, stomach acid

In the second line of defense __

White blood cells attack invaders

__ are proteins on pathogens

proteins on pathogens

__ are proteins that lock onto antigens to destroy them

proteins that lock onto antigens to destroy them

__ contain weakened/dead pathogens to stimulate antibody production

contain weakened/dead pathogens to stimulate antibody production

Active immunity is when __

body makes its own antibodies (from vaccine or infection)

Passive immunity is when __

antibodies are given (e.g., breast milk or injection)