pdh core 2

role of the skeletal system

* support the body
* provide movement
* protect internal organs
* produce red and some white blood cells
* store minerals

description and role of long bones

longer than wide, work as levers for movement

description and role of short bones

box or cube shaped, help support the body’s weight and absorb shock

role of flat bones

protect the bodys organs and provide sites for attachment for large muscles

example of long bones

radius & ulna, humerus, tibia & fibula, femur, phalanges

example of short bone

carpals and tarsals

example of flat bone

scapula, ribs, cranium

example of irregular bone

vertebrae and patella

what are the three types of joints

immovable/fibrous, slightly moveable/cartilaginous and freely moveable/synovial

example of fibrous joint

cranium, pelvis

example of cartilaginous joints

vertebrae, ribs

example of synovial joint

knee, shoulder, ankle, elbow

function of cartilage in synovial joint

covers the end of the two meeting bones so that they slide smoothly over each other

synovial membrane

the tissue that lines the non-contact parts of the joint capsule, it secretes synovial fluid

function of synovial fluid

provides nourishment for the cartilage and lubricates the joints

ligament

strong cord that attaches one bone to another and provides stability

tendon

joins muscle to bone

example of ball and socket joints

hips, shoulders

what movement does a ball and socket joint have

backward, forward, sideways, and rotating movements → most moveable joint

example of hinge joint

elbow, knee

what kind of movement does a hinge joint allow

movement in only one plane, joint can move until it is open but no further

pivot joint example

top vertebrae, joint between radius and ulna

movement of pivot joint

rotation

example of ellipsoid joint

metacarpals and phalanges, between radius and carpals

movement in an ellipsoid joint

in two plains, back and front, and side to side

example of saddle joint

thumb

example of plane joint

tarsals and carpals

movement of plane joint

very little movement, bones glide over each other

flexion

decreases the angle between the bones at the joint

extension

increases the angle between the bones at the joint

abduction

movement of a body part away from the body

adduction

movement of a body part towards the body

eversion

rotation of the foot to make the sole face outwards

inversion

rotation of the foot to make the sole of the foot face inwards

circumduction

circular movement of the body

pronation

rotation of the hand and forearm that causes the hand to face palm down

supination

rotation of the hand and forearm that causes the hand to face palm upwards

dorsiflexion

flexion of the ankle → pulls the foot towards the ankle

plantar flexion

extension of the ankle e.g. pointing toes

agonist

contracting muscle, mostly involved in movement

antagonist

opposite muscle that relaxes during movement

isometric contraction

the muscle but no movement is produced, length of muscle stays the same

example of isometric contraction

plank, pushing against a wall

isotonic contraction

the muscle contracts to produce a movement, two types

concentric contraction

the muscle shortens as it contracts

eccentric contraction

muscle lengthens as it contracts

what is the path of air into the lungs

nose/mouth → pharynx →larynx→trachea→bronchi→bronchioles→alveoli

what happens to the diaphragm and pressure in the lungs during inspiration

diaphragm contracts and pressure in the lungs decreases → air is drawn into the lungs

function of blood

* transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste products, hormones
* regulation of body temp
* protection from infection

function of red blood cells

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

function of white blood cells

fight infection

function of platelets

help blood clot

artery

carry blood away from the heart, thick walls, high blood pressure

vein

carry blood to the heart, thinner walls, have valves

vena cava function

carries deoxygenated blood to the heart

right atrium role

receives deoxygenated blood

right ventricle

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

pulmonary artery

carries deoxygenated blood to lungs

pulmonary vein

carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

left atrium

receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary vein

left ventricle

sends blood to the aorta

aorta

carries oxygenated blood to the body

pulmonary circuit

circulates blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

systemic circuit

circulates blood from the heart to every part of the body and back to the heart

systolic blood pressure

when your heart contracts (higher number)

diastolic blood pressure

heart relaxing (lower number)

cardiorespiratory endurance

ability to supply oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide during sustained exercise

tests for cardiorespiratory endurance

beep test, 12 minute run

muscular strength

ability to exert force in order to overcome resistance

test for muscular strength

handgrip strength test

muscular endurance

ability of the muscles to contract repeatedly without fatigue

tests for muscular endurance

max reps of chin ups, bench tests, plank

flexibility

range of movement around a joint

tests for flexibility

sit and reach test

body composition

proportion of fat vs lean body tissue

power

ability to apply force as quickly as possible, strength and speed

tests for power

jump for height/distance, throws for distance

sports that need power

shot put, long jump

speed (skill related component)

pace at which a tast is performed

tests for speed

10-40m run timed

agility

ability to change pace and direction quickly and efficiently

test for agility

illinois agility test

coordination

ability to execute difficult skills successfully

tests for coordination

alternate hand wall toss test

balance

ability to maintain a stable body position

test for balance

stork balance test

reaction time

delay between a stimulus and a muscle movement

test for reaction time

dropped ruler

benefits of fitness testing

* pick up on injury
* data about capabilities
* identify strength and weaknesses
* monitor changes in fitness

aerobic

with oxygen, 60-80%, oxygen contributes to production of energy

anaerobic

without sufficient oxygen, above 85% heart rate, shorter and more intense

what does FITT stand for

frequency, intensity, time, type

what are the immediate physiological responses to training

heart rate, ventilation rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, lactate levels

stroke volume

amount of blood pumped by the heart each beat

cardiac output

amount of blood pumped in your heart in a minute

lactate levels

lactic acid is produced in the muscles with high intensity exercise, causes muscle fatigue → athlete will need to stop or slow down

linear motion

a body and all parts connected travel the same distance in the same direction at the same speed

velocity

where movement is not in a straight line → displacement/time

acceleration

the rate at which velocity changes

what can balance be affected by

* width of base of support
* how heavy you are
* position of centre of gravity
* line of gravity through your body