Equilibrium of the body’s internal environment; always being challenged so it is constantly adjusting
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Levels of structural organization
1. Chemical 2. Cellular 3. Tissue 4. Organ 5. System 6. Organismal
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Chemical
Atoms that come together to form molecules
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Cellular
Molecules coming together to form cells
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Tissue
Cells coming together for a specific function
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Organ
Groups of tissues that come together to form an organ with a specific function
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System
Groups of organs coming together working for a common function
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Organismal
All 11 body systems working together
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Gap Junctions
Protein tunnels in the plasma membrane allow small molecules to diffuse between adjacent cells, allowing for rapid communication
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Tight Junctions
Made of many small globular proteins that stick together in a quit-like pattern and prevent molecules from passing between
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Adherens Junction
Found in belts, anchored to the cytoplasm via microfilaments, allows things to pass through
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Desmosomes
Scattered around the cell, found in plaques, anchored to the cytoplasm via microfilaments, this prevents the separation of cells. anchoring them together
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Hemidesmosomes
Only half a desmosomes, found at the bottom of the cell, these anchor the cell to the basement membrane
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Muscle Tissue
Cells that contract/shorten
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Attached to bones
Long cylindrical cells
Striated
Multinucleate
Voluntary Control
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Found in the heart
Branched cells
Connected by intercalated discs
Striated
Uninucleate
Involuntary control
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Smooth Muscle Tissue
Found in hollow organs
Helps things move through
Tapered cells; thin on ends, thick middle
Uninucleate
Involuntary control
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Nervous Tissue
Send and receive information
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Neurons
Receive and transmit information
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Dendrites
Receive the signal
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Cell body
Process the signal
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Axon
Sends signal away from cell body
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Neuroglia
Supports and protects neurons
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Epithelial Tissues
Densely pack and tightly connected layers of cells
Cover organs and line hollow space
Avascular
Attached to a basement membrane
Apical, basal, and lateral sides
Protection
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Simple squamous epithelium
Cells are squished together
Single layer
Good for diffusion, filtration, and secretion
Found in air sacs in lungs, lining of kidneys, and lining the serous membrane
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Simple cubodial epithelium
Single layer
Look like cubes
Good for secretion and absorption
Found in lining of glans and kidneys
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Simple columnar epithelium
Tall cells
Single layer
Nuclei are lined up
Good for secretion and absorption
Often have cilia to help things move along
Found in digestive and respiratory tract
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Stratified squamous epithelium
Multiple layers of cells
Look more squamous/irregular at the top
Good for protection
Found in mouth/esophagus, vagina, and skin
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Stratified cubodial epithelium
Rare
Only two layers of cells
Double layer of nuclei
Good for protection and limited secretion
Found in ducts of some glands and male urethra
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Stratified columnar epithelium
Rare
Only two layers of cells
Basal layer look irregular, top looks columnar
Good for protection and some secretion
Found in pharynx and urethra
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Fake layers
Cells are roughly columnar
All cells are attached to the basement membrane
Irregular shapes
Nuclei are located at random positions
Good for secreting mucus
Found in the upper respiratory tract
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Transitional epithelium
For areas that expand and retract
Cells are irregular shapes in layers
Relaxed: more rounded
Stretched: flatter
Good for protection and stretching
Found in the bladder
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Connective Tissues
Vascular
Sparse cells surrounded by extracellular matrix
Support, protect, and bind cells together
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Extracellular matrix
Made of a group substance and protein fibers; found very abundantly in connective tissue
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Ground Substance
Water with molecules that have been dissolved, can be solid, liquid, or semi-solid
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Protein Fibers
Collagen, Reticular, Elastic
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Collagen protein fibers
individual subunits of collagen, form polymers that stack on eachother, really strong
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Reticular protein fibers
Individual units of collagen, multiple subunits that create branched networks, not as stong, create a ‘skeleton’
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Elastic
Individual units of elastin, assemble into long chains, have a coil or wake-like structure, can be stretched and will recoil
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Areolar loose connective tissue
All three types of protein fibers
Fibroblasts are present
Act as a packing material
Found all over the body
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Adipose loose connective tissue
Few collagen fibers
Larger adipocytes that store fat
Act in energy storage, insulation, and cushion
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Reticular loose connective Tissue
Lots of reticular fibers and reticulocytes
Form a mesh-like structure
Makes up reticular layer of basement membrane
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Loose connective tissue
Protein fibers arranged loosely around cells
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Dense connective tissue
Protein fibers arranged densely around cells
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Regular dense connective tissue
Parallel collagen fibers
Fibroblasts are present
Strength in one direction
Make up ligaments and tendons
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Irregular dense connective tissue
Randomly arranged collagen fibers
Fibroblasts are present
Strength in many direction
Found in the dermis of the skin
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Elastic dense connective tissue
Many elastic fibers
Fibroblasts are present
Stretches and recoils
Found in elastic arteries such ad lunch tissues are surrounding the heart
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Cartilage
Avascular
Gel-like ground substance
Lots of collagen and elastic fibers
Chondrocytes are present
Strong and flexible
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Bone
Solid ground substance
Contains mineral salts
Lots of collagen fibers
Responsible for support and protection
Found in the skeleton
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Liquid
Fluid ground substance
No protein fibers
Red and white blood cells
Responsible for transport
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Anatomical position
A person standing with feet parallel, arms by side, and palms foward
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Cranial Cavity
Enclosed by the skull, protects the brain
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Vertebral Cavity
Space inside the vertebral column, contains the spinal cord
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Thoracic Cavity
Located in your thorax, protects the heart and lungs
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Abdominopelvic
Contains a lot of organs; digestive, reproductive, and urinary
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Serous membrane
Lines the thoracic and abdominopelvic region
Double layer of epithelial
Secrete serous fluid in between layers to lubricate
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Integumentary system
Organs: skin, hair, nails, and associated glans
Function: protection, immunity, regulate body temp
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Skeletal system
Organs: bone, cartilage, joint
Function: support, protection, movement
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Muscular system
Organs: skeletal muscles
Function: movement heat production
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Nervous system
Organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs
Function: detects changes in and out of body, create nerve impulses, communicate with other systems
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Endocrine system
Organs: various hormone production organs
Function: regulation
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Cardiovascular system
Organs: heart, blood vessels
Function: transport, regulate temp and water content, defense, tissue repair
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Lymphatic system
Organs: lymph vessels, lymph nodes
Function: take up excess fluid, return fluid to blood, protection
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Respiratory system
Organs: trachea, lungs
Function: gas exchange, sound production, protection
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Digestive system
Organs: esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus, liver, and other accessories