Anatomy Exam 1

5.0(1)
studied byStudied by 2 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/101

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

This is over the basics of A&P and the integumentary system

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

102 Terms

1
New cards
Anatomy
Study of structure and form
2
New cards
Physiology
Study of what the structure does and how it works
3
New cards
Homeostasis
Equilibrium of the body’s internal environment; always being challenged so it is constantly adjusting
4
New cards
Levels of structural organization

1. Chemical
2. Cellular
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. System
6. Organismal
5
New cards
Chemical
Atoms that come together to form molecules
6
New cards
Cellular
Molecules coming together to form cells
7
New cards
Tissue
Cells coming together for a specific function
8
New cards
Organ
Groups of tissues that come together to form an organ with a specific function
9
New cards
System
Groups of organs coming together working for a common function
10
New cards
Organismal
All 11 body systems working together
11
New cards
Gap Junctions
Protein tunnels in the plasma membrane allow small molecules to diffuse between adjacent cells, allowing for rapid communication
12
New cards
Tight Junctions
Made of many small globular proteins that stick together in a quit-like pattern and prevent molecules from passing between
13
New cards
Adherens Junction
Found in belts, anchored to the cytoplasm via microfilaments, allows things to pass through
14
New cards
Desmosomes
Scattered around the cell, found in plaques, anchored to the cytoplasm via microfilaments, this prevents the separation of cells. anchoring them together
15
New cards
Hemidesmosomes
Only half a desmosomes, found at the bottom of the cell, these anchor the cell to the basement membrane
16
New cards
Muscle Tissue
Cells that contract/shorten
17
New cards
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Attached to bones

Long cylindrical cells

Striated

Multinucleate

Voluntary Control
18
New cards
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Found in the heart

Branched cells

Connected by intercalated discs

Striated

Uninucleate

Involuntary control
19
New cards
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Found in hollow organs

Helps things move through

Tapered cells; thin on ends, thick middle

Uninucleate

Involuntary control
20
New cards
Nervous Tissue
Send and receive information
21
New cards
Neurons
Receive and transmit information
22
New cards
Dendrites
Receive the signal
23
New cards
Cell body
Process the signal
24
New cards
Axon
Sends signal away from cell body
25
New cards
Neuroglia
Supports and protects neurons
26
New cards
Epithelial Tissues
Densely pack and tightly connected layers of cells

Cover organs and line hollow space

Avascular

Attached to a basement membrane

Apical, basal, and lateral sides

Protection
27
New cards
Simple squamous epithelium
Cells are squished together

Single layer

Good for diffusion, filtration, and secretion

Found in air sacs in lungs, lining of kidneys, and lining the serous membrane
28
New cards
Simple cubodial epithelium
Single layer

Look like cubes

Good for secretion and absorption

Found in lining of glans and kidneys
29
New cards
Simple columnar epithelium
Tall cells

Single layer

Nuclei are lined up

Good for secretion and absorption

Often have cilia to help things move along

Found in digestive and respiratory tract
30
New cards
Stratified squamous epithelium
Multiple layers of cells

Look more squamous/irregular at the top

Good for protection

Found in mouth/esophagus, vagina, and skin
31
New cards
Stratified cubodial epithelium
Rare

Only two layers of cells

Double layer of nuclei

Good for protection and limited secretion

Found in ducts of some glands and male urethra
32
New cards
Stratified columnar epithelium
Rare

Only two layers of cells

Basal layer look irregular, top looks columnar

Good for protection and some secretion

Found in pharynx and urethra
33
New cards
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Fake layers

Cells are roughly columnar

All cells are attached to the basement membrane

Irregular shapes

Nuclei are located at random positions

Good for secreting mucus

Found in the upper respiratory tract
34
New cards
Transitional epithelium
For areas that expand and retract

Cells are irregular shapes in layers

Relaxed: more rounded

Stretched: flatter

Good for protection and stretching

Found in the bladder
35
New cards
Connective Tissues
Vascular

Sparse cells surrounded by extracellular matrix

Support, protect, and bind cells together
36
New cards
Extracellular matrix
Made of a group substance and protein fibers; found very abundantly in connective tissue
37
New cards
Ground Substance
Water with molecules that have been dissolved, can be solid, liquid, or semi-solid
38
New cards
Protein Fibers
Collagen, Reticular, Elastic
39
New cards
Collagen protein fibers
individual subunits of collagen, form polymers that stack on eachother, really strong
40
New cards
Reticular protein fibers
Individual units of collagen, multiple subunits that create branched networks, not as stong, create a ‘skeleton’
41
New cards
Elastic
Individual units of elastin, assemble into long chains, have a coil or wake-like structure, can be stretched and will recoil
42
New cards
Areolar loose connective tissue
All three types of protein fibers

Fibroblasts are present

Act as a packing material

Found all over the body
43
New cards
Adipose loose connective tissue
Few collagen fibers

Larger adipocytes that store fat

Act in energy storage, insulation, and cushion
44
New cards
Reticular loose connective Tissue
Lots of reticular fibers and reticulocytes

Form a mesh-like structure

Makes up reticular layer of basement membrane
45
New cards
Loose connective tissue
Protein fibers arranged loosely around cells
46
New cards
Dense connective tissue
Protein fibers arranged densely around cells
47
New cards
Regular dense connective tissue
Parallel collagen fibers

Fibroblasts are present

Strength in one direction

Make up ligaments and tendons
48
New cards
Irregular dense connective tissue
Randomly arranged collagen fibers

Fibroblasts are present

Strength in many direction

Found in the dermis of the skin
49
New cards
Elastic dense connective tissue
Many elastic fibers

Fibroblasts are present

Stretches and recoils

Found in elastic arteries such ad lunch tissues are surrounding the heart
50
New cards
Cartilage
Avascular

Gel-like ground substance

Lots of collagen and elastic fibers

Chondrocytes are present

Strong and flexible
51
New cards
Bone
Solid ground substance

Contains mineral salts

Lots of collagen fibers

Responsible for support and protection

Found in the skeleton
52
New cards
Liquid
Fluid ground substance

No protein fibers

Red and white blood cells

Responsible for transport
53
New cards
Anatomical position
A person standing with feet parallel, arms by side, and palms foward
54
New cards
Cranial Cavity
Enclosed by the skull, protects the brain
55
New cards
Vertebral Cavity
Space inside the vertebral column, contains the spinal cord
56
New cards
Thoracic Cavity
Located in your thorax, protects the heart and lungs
57
New cards
Abdominopelvic
Contains a lot of organs; digestive, reproductive, and urinary
58
New cards
Serous membrane
Lines the thoracic and abdominopelvic region

Double layer of epithelial

Secrete serous fluid in between layers to lubricate
59
New cards
Integumentary system
Organs: skin, hair, nails, and associated glans

Function: protection, immunity, regulate body temp
60
New cards
Skeletal system
Organs: bone, cartilage, joint

Function: support, protection, movement
61
New cards
Muscular system
Organs: skeletal muscles

Function: movement heat production
62
New cards
Nervous system
Organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs

Function: detects changes in and out of body, create nerve impulses, communicate with other systems
63
New cards
Endocrine system
Organs: various hormone production organs

Function: regulation
64
New cards
Cardiovascular system
Organs: heart, blood vessels

Function: transport, regulate temp and water content, defense, tissue repair
65
New cards
Lymphatic system
Organs: lymph vessels, lymph nodes

Function: take up excess fluid, return fluid to blood, protection
66
New cards
Respiratory system
Organs: trachea, lungs

Function: gas exchange, sound production, protection
67
New cards
Digestive system
Organs: esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus, liver, and other accessories

Function: food breakdown, nutrient absorption, waste elimination
68
New cards
Urinary system
Organs: kidneys, bladder

Function: filters blood, waste elimination
69
New cards
Female reproductive system
Organs: ovaries, uterus, vagina

Function: release hormones, produce oocytes, copulation, development, birth
70
New cards
Male reproductive system
Organs: testes, glands, penis

Function: release hormones, produce sperm, copulation
71
New cards
Functions of skin
Thermoregulation

Blood reservoir

Protection

Sensation

Excreation

Absorption

Synthesis of vitamin D
72
New cards
Epidermis
Most superficial layer of skin

Made of stratified squamous epithelium

Avascular
73
New cards
Stratum basale
One layer

Basal stem cells that produce new keratinocytes

Melanocytes and sensory cells are found here
74
New cards
Stratum spinosum
8-10 layers

Keratinocytes that produce keratin filaments are here

Irregularly shaped cells

Immune cells are also found here
75
New cards
Stratum granulosum
3-5 layers

Keratinocytes that are secreting a waxy substance

Begin to undergo apoptosis
76
New cards
Stratum lucidum
4-6 layers

Only in thick skin
77
New cards
Stratum corneum
up to 50 layers of dead keratinocytes
78
New cards
Dermis
Underneath epidermis

Much thicker

Made of areolar and dense irregular connective tissue

Vascular

Accessory structures are found here
79
New cards
Papillary layer
20% of dermis

Contains dermal papillae that supply the epidermis with blood

Made of areolar connective tissue
80
New cards
Reticular layer
80% of the dermis

Made of sense irregular connective tissue

Lots of collagen fibers and fibroblasts

Accessory structures are found in this layer
81
New cards
Hypodermis
Not a layer or part of the skin

Connects skin to underlying muscle or bone

Made of adipose connective tissue
82
New cards
Hair shaft
Visible portion

Made of dead keratinized cells
83
New cards
Hair root
Hidden portion

Made of keratinizing cells
84
New cards
Hair follicle
Entire hair structure
85
New cards
Hair bulb
Region at the bottom where it becomes thicker
86
New cards
Hair matrix
Tip of the dermal papilla

Found in the bulb
87
New cards
Arrector pili
A band of smooth muscle, that attaches to the bulb and the superficial portion of the dermis
88
New cards
Hair root plexus
Sensory nerves that wrap around the hair bulb
89
New cards
Sebaceous glands
Oil glands

Open into hair follicles

Secrete sebum that prevents drying out and bacterial growth

Always found next to a hair follicle
90
New cards
Sudoriferous glands
Sweat glands
91
New cards
Eccrine sudoriferous gland
Duct opend directly to the surface

Found all over the body

Secrete water and salts

Made of coiled tubes

Mostly for thermal regulation
92
New cards
Apocrine sudoriferous glands
Ducts open into hair follicles

Coils of tubes

Only in axillary, pubic, and areolar region, secretes lipids and proteins
93
New cards
Thick skin
hairless

Contains a stratum lucidum

Many layers of the stratum corneum

No sebaceous and sudoriferous glands

Prominent dermal papillae
94
New cards
Thin skin
Hairy

no stratum lucidum

fewer layers of the stratum corneum

Contains sebaceous and sudoriferous glands
95
New cards
Epidermal wound healing
Occurs when damage happens to the epidermis

Basal cells migrate along the basement membrane toward the wound

Then divide to fill in the damage
96
New cards
Deep wound healing
Inflammatory phase: Blood clot forms

Migratory phase: The clot becomes a scab; cells migrate to fill in gap

Proliferatory phase: epithelia divides, fibroblasts build collagen

Maturation phase: things return to ‘normal’
97
New cards
1st degree burn
Damages the epidermis

Example: sunburn
98
New cards
2nd degree burn
Damages epidermis and dermis

Causes blisters
99
New cards
3rd degree burn
Damages goes all the way to subcutaneous layer
100
New cards
Basal cell carcinoma
Pretty common