Chapters 27-29

Dysgenesis of the fourth ventricle results in which one of the following malformations?

a. Corpus callosum

b. Cystic dilation of the lateral ventricle

c. Holoprosencephaly

d. Dandy-Walker

d. Dandy-Walker

What is the name of the structure that forms between the corpus callosum and the anterior horn or lateral ventricle?

a. Septum pellucidum

b. Massa intermedia

c. Fourth ventricle

d. Lateral ventricle

a. Septum pellucidum

Cyclopia is associated with which one of the following?

a. Holoprosencephaly

b. Hydrocephalus

c. Hydranencephaly

d. Dandy-Walker malformation

a. Holoprosencephaly

Bilateral occlusion of the carotid arteries may result in __________________.

a. hydrocephalus

b. hydranencephaly

c. holoprosencephaly

d. intraventricular hemorrhage

b. hydranencephaly

5. Which three mechanisms account for the development of hydrocephalus?

a. Outflow obstruction, increased absorption, and overproduction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

b. Inflow obstruction, decreased absorption, and underproduction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

c. Inflow obstruction, increased absorption, and overproduction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

d. Outflow obstruction, decreased absorption, and overproduction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

d. Outflow obstruction, decreased absorption, and overproduction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

The junction of the anterior, occipital, and temporal horns is called the ________________.

a. cistern

b. brainstem

c. choroid plexus

d. atrium (trigone)

d. atrium (trigone)

The most important cause of abnormal neurodevelopment sequelae in premature infants is which one of the following?

a. Hydrocephalus

b. Choroid plexus cyst

c. White matter necrosis

d. Alobar holoprosencephaly

c. White matter necrosis

The part of the brain that connects the forebrain and the spinal cord is which one of the following?

a. Cerebellum

b. Trigone

c. Cerebrum

d. Brainstem

d. Brainstem

The portion of the brain that forms the lateral borders of the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles and lies anterior to the lateral ventricles and thalamus is which one of the following?

a. Caudate nucleus

b. Cisterna

c. Corpus callosum

d. Fontanelle

a. Caudate nucleus

A thin, triangular space filled with CSF that lies between the anterior horn of the lateral ventricles is:

a. interhemispheric fissure.

b. cavum septi pellucidi.

c. trigone.

d. caudate nucleus

b. cavum septi pellucidi.

The portion of the brain that lies posterior to the cranial fossa under the tentorium is called which one of the following?

a. Cerebellum

b. Corpus callosum

c. Lower recess

d. Cavum septum pellucidum

a. Cerebellum

Sonography of the neonatal brain is evaluated through which one of the following?

a. Inferior temporal lobe

b. Anterior fontanelle

c. Superior temporal lobe

d. Posterior fontanelle

b. Anterior fontanelle

A mass of special cells located in the atrium of the lateral ventricles is which one of the following?

a. Corpus callosum

b. Caudate nucleus

c. Choroid plexus

d. Cisterna

c. Choroid plexus

The periventricular tissue, which may bleed easily before 32 weeks' gestation, is the ____________________.

a. caudate nucleus

b. corpus callosum

c. brainstem

d. germinal matrix

d. germinal matrix

Identify the structure that separates the two cerebral hemispheres.

a. Tentorium

b. Corpus callosum

c. Lateral ventricles

d. Interhemispheric fissure

d. Interhemispheric fissure

The two ovoid brain structures located on either side of the third ventricle superior to the brainstem make up the ________________.

a. thalami

b. choroid plexus

c. gyri

d. fontanelle

a. thalami

The brain coverings are known as which one of the following?

a. Subependymomas

b. Meninges

c. Parenchyma

d. Ependyma

b. Meninges

Which of the following structures produces 40% of the cerebrospinal fluid?

a. Extracellular fluid

b. Choroid plexus

c. Corpus callosum

d. Cerebrum

b. Choroid plexus

The largest subarachnoid space demonstrated sonographically is ________________.

a. suprasellar cistern

b. pontine cistern

c. quadrigeminal cistern

d. cisterna magna

d. cisterna magna

Convolutions on the surface of the brain are called which one of the following?

a. Sulci

b. Fissures

c. Gyri

d. Lobes

c. Gyri

The most common cause of congenital hydrocephalus is which one of the following?

a. Papilloma of the choroid plexus

b. Aqueductal stenosis

c. Overproduction of CSF

d. Agenesis of the corpus callosum

b. Aqueductal stenosis

Acute neonatal brain hemorrhage appears ____________________ when compared to the choroid plexus.

a. echolucent

b. hypoechoic

c. echogenic

d. complex

c. echogenic

Periventricular leukomalacia is defined as which one of the following?

a. White matter necrosis

b. Focal brain necrosis

c. Thickened ependyma

d. An epidural hemorrhage

a. White matter necrosis

Which of the following brain structures are part of the hindbrain?

a. Cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, and hypothalamus

b. Spinal cord, cisterna magna, and nerve roots

c. Mastoid fontanel, temporal lobe, and lateral ventricle

d. Pons, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata

d. Pons, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata

Which one of the following is most likely the result of a germinal matrix hemorrhage?

a. Cerebral cyst

b. Subependymal cyst

c. Subarachnoid cyst

d. Periventricular leukomalacia

b. Subependymal cyst

The hip bones are the fusion of three separate bones. Which one of the following bones does not belong in this group?

a. Ilium

b. Femur

c. Ischium

d. Pubis

b. Femur

The femur is surrounded by all of the following structures except:

a. bursa.

b. muscles.

c. ligaments.

d. tendons.

a. bursa.

Which movement does the psoas major, iliacus, and rectus femoris provide?

a. stabilization

b. rotation

c. adduction

d. flexion

d. flexion

Bending the hip backward is called:

a. adduction.

b. flexion.

c. extension.

d. abduction.

c. extension.

The articulation of the head of the femur with the acetabulum of the hip bone forms the _______________.

a. hip joint

b. femoral triangle

c. iliofemoral ligament

d. ligament teres

a. hip joint

The ligament in the shape of an inverted y or V passing from the anteroinferior iliac spine to each end of the intertrochanteric line is the _______________ ligament.

a. iliofemoral

b. obturator

c. femoral

d. gluteal

a. iliofemoral

When a person crosses his or her legs in a sitting position, which one of the following muscle groups is used?

a. Adductor

b. Abductor

c. Flexion

d. Extension

a. Adductor

In the coronal neutral view, the sonographic finding of a frankly dislocated hip is which one of the following?

a. The femoral head rests against the bony acetabulum.

b. The femoral head migrates laterally and superiorly with decreased coverage of the femoral head.

c. The acetabular roof is irregular and angled.

d. The labrum may be deformed.

d. The labrum may be deformed.

In the "push-pull" maneuver, which one of the following findings is seen in the normal hip in the coronal neutral view?

a. The femoral head is never seen over the posterior lip of the acetabulum.

b. The femoral head remains in place in the acetabulum.

c. The femoral head appears over the posterior lip of the triradiate cartilage as the femur is pushed.

d. The femoral head migrates laterally and posteriorly.

a. The femoral head is never seen over the posterior lip of the acetabulum.

Indications for sonography of the neonatal hip include all of the following except:

a. to rule out hip dysplasia.

b. sacral dimple.

c. breech birth.

d. abnormal hip examination.

b. sacral dimple.

The hip of a normal infant has a Graf alpha angle of ____________ degrees.

a. less than 43

b. less than 60

c. between 43 and 60

d. less than 77

b. less than 60

The coronal neutral view of the subluxed infant hip demonstrates which one of the following?

a. Irregular and angled acetabular roof

b. Deformed labrum

c. Femoral head gradually migrating superiorly and laterally with decreased coverage of the femoral head

d. Femoral head resting against the bony acetabulum

c. Femoral head gradually migrating superiorly and laterally with decreased coverage of the femoral head

Which one of the following hips gives the appearance of a "ball on a spoon" in the mid-acetabulum in the coronal flexion view?

a. Subluxed

b. Dislocated

c. Frankly dislocated

d. Normal

d. Normal

Which one of the following describes the femoral head completely out of the acetabulum?

a. Normal hip with abduction

b. Dislocated hip

c. Hip fracture

d. Hip dysplasia

b. Dislocated hip

Sonographic examination of the infant hip is performed with a(n) _______________ transducer.

a. linear array

b. curvilinear

c. endocavity

d. vector array

a. linear array

The sonographic protocol of the basic hip anatomy is imaged in _____ different views.

a. two

b. three

c. four

d. five

c. four

A type IV hip has an alpha angle of _______________ degrees and a beta angle of _______________ degrees.

a. less than 60; greater than 40

b. less than 43; greater than 77

c. less than 43; immeasurable

d. immeasurable; less than 60

c. less than 43; immeasurable

The alpha angle is the angle between the ___________ and the ______________.

a. baseline; acetabulum roof line

b. baseline; inclination line

c. acetabulum roof line; inclination line

d. baseline; acetabular labrum

a. baseline; acetabulum roof line

In the ____________ maneuver, down and outward pressure is applied with the patient lying in a supine position with the hip adducted and flexed 90 degrees.

a. Galeazzi

b. push-and-pull

c. Barlow

d. Ortolani

c. Barlow

Select the maneuver that induces a "clunk" as the femoral head returns to the acetabulum.

a. Adduction

b. Barlow

c. Rotation

d. Ortolani

d. Ortolani

The gluteus maximus muscle is also known as a(n) ______________ muscle.

a. hamstring

b. extensor

c. abductor

d. adductor

b. extensor

Choose the diagnostic criteria for subluxation.

a. Femoral head coverage between 54% and 56%

b. Femoral head coverage lower than 45%

c. Normal femoral head coverage

d. Femoral head coverage lower than 39%

d. Femoral head coverage lower than 39%

Which one of the following is moving sideways outward?

a. Flexion

b. Adduction

c. Abduction

d. Extension

c. Abduction

The physical signs of the development of a displacement of the hip include all of the following except:

a. prominence of trochanter.

b. extreme abduction.

c. shortening of the femur.

d. asymmetry of skinfolds.

b. extreme abduction.

With treatment of hip displacement using the Pavlik harness, the hip should be positioned in flexion with adduction and ____________ rotation.

a. neutral

b. internal

c. external

d. either neutral or internal

c. external

Failure of the neural tube to fold and fuse in the midline results in a ___________.

a. myelomeningocele

b. hydromyelia

c. diastematomyelia

d. tethered cord

a. myelomeningocele

The spinal cord in the younger child ends at the upper border of the _______ lumbar vertebra.

a. first

b. second

c. third

d. fourth

c. third

The spinal cord tapers off into which one of the following?

a. Filum terminals

b. Conus medullaris

c. Median fissure

d. Median sulcus

b. Conus medullaris

The spinal cord is surrounded by three meninges, which include all of the following except:

a. dura mater.

b. subdural mater.

c. arachnoid mater.

d. pia mater.

b. subdural mater.

Sonography is able to image the spinal cord because the:

a. ossification of the posterior spinal elements is incomplete.

b. ossification of the anterior body of the spine is incomplete.

c. dura mater is less dense during neonatal growth.

d. cerebrospinal fluid is an excellent window.

a. ossification of the posterior spinal elements is incomplete.

An anechoic mass in the cauda equina region is most likely which one of the following?

a. Lipoma

b. Hydromyelia

c. Meningocele

d. Cyst of the spinal cord

d. Cyst of the spinal cord

Pathologic fixation of the spinal cord in an abnormal caudal location is known as which one of the following?

a. Lipoma

b. Tethered cord

c. Diastematomyelia

d. Hydromyelia

b. Tethered cord

Dilation of the central canal of the spinal cord is ________________.

a. meningocele

b. hydromyelia

c. myeloschisis

d. diastematomyelia

b. hydromyelia

Indications for spinal sonography include all of the following abnormalities except:

a. back mass.

b. midline cutaneous deformities.

c. large collections of hair on the back.

d. shortening of the femur.

d. shortening of the femur

A dimple may indicate a spinal abnormality if it is more than _____ from the anus.

a. 1 cm

b. 1 inch

c. 2 cm

d. 2 inches

b. 1 inch

The lumbar peduncles are strong and directed ___________.

a. medially

b. laterally

c. anteriorly

d. posteriorly

d. posteriorly

A severe form of spinal bifida is called ___________________.

a. aperta

b. occulta

c. tethered spinal cord

d. terminals

a. aperta

The most important determination in ruling out tethered spinal cord is determining which one of the following?

a. Skin surface of the lumbar spine

b. Oscillations of the spinal cord

c. Vertebral level of the tip of the cornus medullaris

d. Vertebral level of the tip of the cauda equina

c. Vertebral level of the tip of the cornus medullaris

Spina bifida with a portion of the spinal cord and membranes protruding is called _____________.

a. hydromyelia

b. meningocele

c. tethered cord

d. myelomeningocele

d. myelomeningocele

The sacrum consists of _____ fused bones.

a. three

b. four

c. five

d. six

c. five

Which of the following structures are responsible for one fourth of the vertebral column's length?

a. Vertebral bodies

b. Intervertebral discs

c. Vertebral lemma

d. Spinal muscles

b. Intervertebral discs

The vascular membrane that closely covers the spinal cord is the ___________.

a. dura mater

b. pia mater

c. arachnoid mater

d. gray matter

b. pia mater

Identify the spinal structure that images as a hypoechoic structures located directly over the spinal canal.

a. Posterior dorsal spinal elements

b. Dura mater

c. Posterior spinous processes

d. Coccyx

c. Posterior spinous processes

A transverse projection across the midline from the lowest palpable rib is _____.

a. L1

b. L2

c. L3

d. T12

b. L2

The neonatal coccyx should not be mistaken for a ______________.

a. cyst

b. fluid collection

c. lipoma

d. cyst or fluid collection

d. cyst or fluid collection

Hemangiomas over the back have a high association with which one of the following abnormalities?

a. Tethered spinal cord

b. Hydromyelia

c. Spina bifida occulta

d. Myeloschisis

a. Tethered spinal cord

How many lumbar vertebrae are in the vertebral column?

a. 4

b. 5

c. 7

d. 12

b. 5

A transverse projection across the midline from the palpated apex of the iliac crest is often at the level of ________.

a. L3

b. L4

c. L5

d. S2

c. L5

The lower nerve roots together are called which one of the following?

a. Spinal nerves

b. Cauda equina

c. Filum terminale

d. Posterior root ganglion

b. Cauda equina