Comprehensive Respiratory System and Breathing Mechanics Quiz

Smoking chemical exposure and recurrent infections

Respiration

The process of taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide

One respiration

One inspiration plus one expiration

Normal adult respiration rate

12 to 20 breaths per minute

Normal child respiration rate

16 to 30 breaths per minute

Normal newborn respiration rate

40 to 60 breaths per minute

Respiration rhythm

The regularity of breathing

Respiration character

The ease of breathing and whether it is unlabored

Respiration symmetry

Equal chest movement on both sides

Abnormal respiration observation

A visible sign that breathing is not normal

Head bobbing

An abnormal sign seen during breathing

Nasal flaring

Widening of the nostrils during breathing

Accessory muscle use

Using extra muscles to breathe

Abnormal chest movement

Uneven or labored chest motion

Abdominal breathing

Breathing that relies heavily on the abdomen

Cyanosis

Bluish discoloration of the skin or nail beds

Crackles (rales)

Popping or crackling lung sounds

Wheezes

High pitched whistling lung sounds

Rhonchi

Low pitched snoring or gurgling lung sounds

Stridor

Harsh high pitched sound from upper airway obstruction

Apnea

Periods of absent breathing

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

Alternating periods of apnea and dyspnea

Dyspnea

Difficult or labored breathing

Bradypnea

Slow breathing less than 10 to 12 breaths per minute

Tachypnea

Rapid breathing greater than 20 to 25 breaths per minute

Coughing

Forceful expulsion of air to clear the lower airway

Sneezing

Air forced through nose and mouth to clear the respiratory tract

Hiccups

Spasm of the diaphragm caused by phrenic nerve irritation

Yawning

Deep prolonged breath that increases oxygen in the blood

Pulmonary ventilation

Movement of air in and out of the lungs

Inspiration

Breathing air into the lungs

Expiration

Breathing air out of the lungs

Diaphragm during inspiration

Contracts and moves downward

Intercostal muscles during inspiration

Contract and lift ribs outward

Lung volume during inspiration

Increases to allow air in

Diaphragm during expiration

Relaxes and moves upward

Intercostal muscles during expiration

Relax and ribs fall inward

Lung volume during expiration

Decreases as air leaves

External respiration

Gas exchange between the environment and the lungs

Factor that increases respiration rate

Exercise

Another factor that increases respiration rate

Temperature

Disease effect on respiration rate

Can increase or decrease breathing

Emotion effect on respiration rate

Can increase or decrease breathing

Sleep effect on respiration rate

Decreases breathing

Respiratory control center

Medulla oblongata

Primary role of medulla oblongata

Controls breathing

Two types of respiration control

Chemical and neural

Central chemoreceptors location

Medulla

Central chemoreceptors detect

Abnormal carbon dioxide levels

Effect of high CO2 levels

Low pH in cerebrospinal fluid

Peripheral chemoreceptors location

Aorta and carotid arteries

Peripheral chemoreceptors detect

Abnormal oxygen levels in blood

Neural respiration control

Nerve signals that affect breathing

Phrenic nerve role

Stimulates diaphragm contraction

Phrenic nerve spinal levels

C3 to C5

Lung capacity

Total amount of air lungs can hold

Average lung capacity

About 6000 milliliters

Lung volume

Amount of air moved in normal breathing

Average lung volume

About 500 milliliters

Upper respiratory infection (URI)

Another name for the common cold

Cause of common cold

Viral infection

Common cold symptoms

Mild fever cough body ache runny nose

Common cold treatment

Rest hydration and good nutrition

Best prevention for common cold

Hand washing

Influenza

Sudden onset viral infection that may lead to pneumonia

Flu symptoms

High fever severe body aches chills exhaustion

Flu treatment

Antiviral medication vaccine and symptom treatment

Sinusitis

Infection of the sinus cavity lining

Cause of sinusitis

Bacterial or viral infection

Sinusitis symptoms

Headache thick nasal discharge loss of voice resonance

Sinusitis treatment if bacterial

Antibiotics

Pneumonia

Infection of the lungs

Pneumonia cause

Bacterial or viral infection

Pneumonia effect on alveoli

Fill with exudates or pus

Pneumonia diagnosis

Chest x ray

Pneumonia symptoms

Chest pain fever chills dyspnea crackles

Pneumonia treatment

Oxygen and antibiotics

Asthma

Inflammatory airway obstruction

Asthma triggers

Allergens physical activity or stress

Asthma symptoms

Wheezing dyspnea chest tightness difficulty exhaling

Asthma treatment

Anti inflammatory drugs and bronchodilators

Bronchitis

Inflammation of the trachea and bronchial tubes

Acute bronchitis symptoms

Cough fever pain wheezing or crackles

Chronic bronchitis common cause

Cigarette smoking

Tuberculosis

Infectious bacterial lung disease

TB symptoms

Night sweats cough bloody sputum lesions

TB diagnosis

TB skin test followed by x ray and sputum sample

TB treatment

Antibiotics

Emphysema

Over dilation and loss of elasticity of alveoli

Effect of emphysema on gas exchange

Reduced oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

Emphysema symptom

Dyspnea

COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Primary cause of COPD

Long term tobacco use

COPD symptoms

Dyspnea frequent infections pursed lip breathing

COPD treatment

Steroids and symptom management with no cure

Assessing respirations step 1

Gather equipment and knock before entering

Assessing respirations step 2

Identify patient and explain procedure

Assessing respirations step 3

Ensure privacy and proper positioning

Assessing respirations step 4

Perform hand hygiene

How respirations are counted

Count chest rise and fall for 30 seconds and multiply by two

Why respirations are counted secretly

To avoid altering the patient's breathing