a&p2 exam 1

connective tissue

what type of tissue is blood

4-6L

an average person has ______ of blood

95.1%

the percentage of rbc in a volume of whole blood

plasma

the rbcs, wbcs, and platelets are suspended in clear yellow colored substance called

hematopoiesis

the formation of rbcs is called

one-third

every rbc is about _____ hemoglobin by volume

erythroblast

immature rbcs, called _______ have a nucleus

120

the avg lifespan of a rbc is about _____ days

erythropoietin (EPO)

hormone produced in the liver and kidneys and promotes rbc formation

intrinsic factor

lack of b12 is usually due to decreased production of _________ in the stomach

neutrophils

kill bacteria by overwhelming it with chemicals (respiratory burst); light purple granules in acid-base stain; lobed nucleus; first to arrive at infections; phagocytic; 54-62% of leukocytes

eosinophils

secrete toxic chemicals to kill parasitic worms; deep red granules in acid stain; bilobed nucleus; 1-3% of leukocytes; elevated in allergic reactions and parasitic infections

basophils

release heparin and histamine to increase blood flow; deep blue granules in basic stain'; release histamine and heparin; less than 1% of leukocytes; similar to eosinophils in size and shape of nucleus

monocytes

phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, etc; largest blood cell; spherical, kidney-shaped, lobed nuclei; leave bloodstream to become macrophages; 3-9% of leukocytes

lymphocytes

attach foreign cells and produce antibodies; slightly larger than rbcs; large spherical nucleus surrounded by thin rim of cytoplasm; t cell and b cells; 25-33% of leukocytes; b cells produce antibodies

diapedesis

wbcs squeezing through the capillary wall into tissues

edema

tissue swelling

hemastasis

stoppage of bleeding

coagulation

most effective hemostatic mechanism

fibrin

major event in blood clot formation where soluble plasma protein fibrinogen is converted into insoluble protein threads of _______

tissue thromboplastin

the extrinsic clotting mechanism is triggered when blood contacts damaged tissues that release

hageman factor

the intrinsic clotting mechanism is initiated by the activation of

thrombus

blood clot abnormally formed in a vessel

embolus

a clot that dislodges and is carried away by blood flow

purpose of blood

transport vital substances; distribute heat; maintain stability of interstitial fluid

hematocrit

rbc by volume; usually 45%

thrombopoietin

stimulates large cells called megakaryocytes to form platelets

oxyhemoglobin

full of oxygen; bright red

deoxyhemoglobin

not full of oxygen; bluish

rbc production

low blood o2 causes kidneys and liver to release erythropoietin which stimulates rbc production; vitamin b12, folic acid, and iron necessary; negative feedback mechanism

erythrocytosis

produce 25% more rbcs than normal; great physical endurance

hemoglobin breakdown

broken down into heme and globin; heme = iron returns to bone marrow; bilirubin and biliverdin secreted in bile

granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

agranulocytes

monocytes, lymphocytes

leukocytes

wbc; interleukins and colony-stimulating factors stimulate development; granulocytes and agranulocytes

positive chemotaxis

movement of leukocytes toward the damaged tissue region because of the chemicals that were released by damaged cells

leukopenia

low WBC count (below 5000); typhoid fever, flu, measles

leukocytosis

high WBC count (above 10,000); acute infections, vigorous exercise, great loss of body fluids

differential wbc count

lists percentages of types of leukocytes; may change in particular diseases

platelets

thrombocytes; create fragments of megakaryocytes; help control blood loss from broken vessels; release serotonin to contract smooth muscles to reduce blood flow; live 10 days

plasma

straw colored, liquid portion of blood; 55% of blood, 92% water; transport nutrients, gases, vitamins, regulated fluid balance, maintaining pH

plasma proteins

albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

albumin

60%; liver; helps maintain osmotic pressure

globulins

alpha, beta, and gamma

fibrinogen

4%; liver; plays key role of blood coagulation

hydrostatic pressure

pressure from heart to pump blood and pushes fluid out of capillaries

osmotic pressure

proteins left in capillaries create _______, which pulls fluid back into the capillaries

oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen

gases of plasma

amino acids, simple sugars, nucleotides, lipids

nutrients in plasma

nonprotein nitrogenous substances

molecules that contain nitrogen but are not proteins; urea, uric acid, amino acids, creatine, creatinine, BUN

urea

product of protein catabolism; abt 50% of NPN substances

uric acid

product of nucleic acid catabolism

amino acid

product of protein catabolism

creatine

stores energy in phosphates - ATP

creatinine

product of creatine metabolism

BUN

blood urea nitrogen; indicate health of kidney

plasma electrolytes

sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulfate, sodium & chloride are the most abundant

blood vessel spasm

triggered by pain receptors, platelet release, or serotonin; smooth muscle contracts, creating vasospasm

platelet plug formation

triggered by exposure of platelets to collagen; platelets adhere to rough surface to form a plug; break in vessel wall - blood escaping through break - platelets adhere to each other, end of broken vessel, and to exposed collagen - helps control blood loss

blood coagulation

triggered by cellular damage and blood contact with foreign surfaces; blood clot forms; causes the formation of a blood clot via a series of reactions which activates the next in a cascade

intrinsic clotting mechanism

chemical inside blood (Hageman factor) triggers blood coagulation; triggered when blood contacts a foreign surface

platelet-derived growth factor

stimulates smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to repair damaged blood vessel walls

plasmin

a protein that digests blood clots

embolism

clot moved to smaller vessel and got stuck

prostacyclin

inhibits adherence of platelets to blood vessel wall

fibrin threads

absorb thrombin

antithrombin in plasma

interferes with the action of thrombin; inactivates additional thrombin by binding and blocking its action on fibrinogen

heparin

an anticoagulant; secreted by basophils and mast cells

prevention of coagulation

smooth lining of blood vessels discourages platelet accumulation and clotting factors; fibrin absorbs thrombin to prevent the clot spreading

agglutination

clumping of red blood cells in response to a reaction between an antibody and an antigen

antigens

a chemical that stimulates cells to produce antibodies

antibodies

a protein that reacts against a specific antigen

abo blood group

based on the presence of absence of two major antigens on rbc membranes; antigen A and antigen B

Rh blood group

Rh positive: presence of antigen D on rbc membrane; Rh negative; lack of those antigens

erythroblastosis fetalis

mother is Rh negative and baby is Rh positive; RhoGAM given

deep vein thrombosis causes

prolonged periods of immobility, dehydration, oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement, surgery

amount of blood pumped by the heart

7,000 liters per day; 2.5 billion contractions over lifetime

pulmonary circuit

sends oxygen-depleted blood to lungs to pick up oxygen and unload CO2

systemic circuit

sends oxygen-rich blood and nutrients to all body cells and removes waste

size of heart

avg: 14 com long; 9 cm wide

location of heart

posterior to sternum, medial to lungs, anterior to vertebral column, base is beneath 2nd rib, apex at 5th intercostal space, lies upon diaphragm, hollow, cone-shaped muscular pump

pericardium

encloses heart and proximal ends or large blood vessels to which it attaches

fibrous pericardium

outer fibrous bag; dense connective tissue; attached to central portion of diaphragm, posterior to sternum and anterior to vertebral column

visceral pericardium

innermost lining of heart; same as epicardium

parietal pericardium

forms inner lining of fibrous pericardium

pericarditis

inflammation of pericardium; bacterial or viral; produces adhesions that attach the layers of the pericardium

epicardium

visceral pericardium; protects heart by reducing friction; connective tissue

myocardium

middle layer; thick and consists of cardiac muscle; pumps blood out of heart chambers

endocardium

epithelium and underlying connective tissue; lines all of heart chambers and covers structures; continuous with blood vessels attached to heart

atrioventricular orifice

atria to ventricle

atrioventricular sulcus

encircles heart between atria & ventricles

interventricular sulci

two that mark the septum that separates the ventricles

chordae tendineae

strong, fibrous strings attached to cusps of the tricuspid valve; keep them closed

papillary muscles

mounds of cardiac muscle that contract when RV contracts

skeleton of heart

fibrous strings to which the heart valves and muscles are attached

mitral valve prolapse

one or both cusps stretch into LA during LV contraction; sometimes blood regurgitates

blood flow from right coronary artery

posterior interventricular artery → ventricular walls → cardiac veins

marginal artery → RA & RV ventricle → cardiac veins

blood flow from left coronary artery

circumflex artery → LA & LV walls → cardiac veins

anterior interventricular artery → ventricular walls → cardiac veins

circumflex artery

follows AV sulcus between LA & LV - supplies walls of LA and LV