QCAA organic chemistry reaction conditions

The conditions needed to convert one compound into another

Alkane to haloalkane

Halogenation reaction with a halogen under UV conditions

Alkene to alkane

Addition reaction with hydrogen gas, heat, and a Ni catalyst

Alkene to haloalkane

Addition reaction with a hydrogen halide

Alkene to dihaloalkane

Addition reaction with a halogen

Alkene to Alcohol

Addition reaction with H2O, heat, and a H2SO4 catalyst

Alkene to Polymer

Addition reaction with a catalyst, heat and pressure

Haloalkane to Amine

Substitution reaction with NH3 and heat

Haloalkane to Nitrile

Substitution reaction with KCN and heat

Haloalkane to Alkene

Elimination reaction with NaOH and heat

Primary Alcohol to Aldehyde

Oxidation reaction with H+/Cr2O7 and heat

Primary Alcohol to Carboxylic Acid

Second oxidation reaction with H+/Cr2O7 and heat

Secondary Alcohol to Ketone

Oxidation reaction with H+/Cr2O7 and heat

Carboxylic Acid to Ester

Condensation reaction with an alcohol, heat, and H2SO4 catalyst

Carboxylic Acid to Salt

Neutralisation reaction with a base

Amine to Amide

condensation reaction with a carboxylic acid

Amine to Salt

A neutralisation reaction with an acid

Nitrile to Amine

Addition reaction with 2 moles of Hydrogen gas, a Ni catalyst, and heat

Alcohol to Haloalkane

Substitution reaction with a hydrogen halide under reflux

Combustion of alkane

Combustion reaction with oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide and water

Combustion of alcohol

Combustion reaction with oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide and water

Haloalkane to Alcohol

Substitution reaction with NaOH under reflux

Hydrolysis of Ester to Carboxylic Acid and Alcohol

Hydrolysis reaction with water and an acid (acidic hydrolysis) or base (saponification)

How are alkanes distinguished from alkenes?

Alkenes turn bromine water colourless

How do you determine the level of alcohols?

Through the number/products of oxidation. Primary alcohols oxidise twice, secondary once and tertiary null.

How to determine between an aldehyde and ketone?

Aldehydes oxidise and ketones don't, aldehydes turn orange dichromate K2Cr2O7 green and purple manganate KMnO4 pale pink

Markovnikov's Rule

When an unsymmetrical reagent is added to an unsymmetrical alkene, the H goes to the C's that has the most H's