Development Through the Livespan: Chapter 6

Which of the following statements about the role of psychoanalytic theory in modern human development research is true?

One of the lasting contributions of psychoanalytic theory is its ability to capture the essence of personality during each period of development.

According to Erikson, a healthy outcome during infancy depends on the

quality of caregiving.

According to Erikson's theory, a mistrustful baby

protects herself by withdrawing from people and things around her.

In Erikson's theory, the conflict of toddlerhood, __________, is resolved favorably when parents provide suitable guidance and reasonable choices.

autonomy versus shame and doubt

According to Erikson, a mother who __________ is likely to promote autonomy in toddlerhood.

gives a child an extra five minutes to finish playing before leaving the park

Twenty-two-year-old Daniel is overly dependent on his girlfriend, Missy. Daniel continually doubts his ability to meet new challenges. Daniel may not have fully mastered the tasks of __________ and __________during infancy and childhood.

trust; autonomy

Emotions

energize development.

To infer babies' emotions as accurately as possible, researchers

are best off attending to multiple interacting behavioral cues and seeing how they vary across situations believed to elicit different emotions.

Basic emotions are

universal in humans.

Which of the following are all basic emotions?

happiness, anger, and disgust

Which of the following statements about basic emotions is true?

Babies' earliest emotional life consists of attraction to pleasant stimulation and withdrawal from unpleasant stimulation.

During the first few weeks of life, newborns are most likely to smile

when they are full.

Between 6 and 10 weeks, the parent's communication with the infant evokes

the social smile.

Laughter first appears around

3 to 4 months.

Laughter reflects

faster processing of information than smiling.

The first laughs occur in response to

very active stimuli.

As infants understand more about their world, they laugh

at events with subtler elements of surprise.

When 10-month-old Delia's mother greets her, Delia is likely to display a __________ smile.

broad, "cheek-raised"

Newborn babies respond with generalized distress

to changes in body temperature.

Angry reactions __________ with age.

increase in both frequency and intensity

Expressions of __________ are less frequent than __________.

sadness; anger

Postpartum depression

emerges or strengthens after childbirth, but fails to quickly subside.

Monica experienced depression that emerged after she gave birth to her son, but failed to subside as Monica adjusted to hormonal changes in her body and the demands of motherhood. As a result, Monica's son probably

sleeps poorly.

Research on maternal depression shows that

depressed mothers view their infants more negatively than independent observers do.

Jaynie is cheerful and upbeat. Hank is active and energetic. Alayna is prone to angry outbursts. These descriptions refer to

temperament.

Which of the following statements about emotional self-regulation is true?

By the end of the first year, Chinese and Japanese infants smile and cry less than American infants.

By __________, infants are able to regulate emotion more effectively by approaching or retreating from various situations.

the end of the first year

The rise in fear after 6 months is adaptive because it

keeps newly mobile babies' enthusiasm for exploration in check.

__________ have a harder time regulating __________ emotion.

Boys; negative

Infants' emotional expressions are

closely tied to their ability to interpret the emotional cues of others.

Effortful control is

considered a major dimension of temperament.

Joan, who does not like being scared, decides not to see a horror film with her friends. Joan is using

emotional self-regulation.

Which of the following statements about social referencing is true?

An adult's voice is more effective than a facial expression in guiding a baby's behavior.

Beckham's parents want to encourage him to eat fruit. Which of the following is the most effective approach to accomplish this task using social referencing?

They should smile and say, "Yummy!" when Beckham eats fruit.

Emotional self-regulation requires

voluntary, effortful management of emotions.

Lauren is beginning to use strategies to adjust her emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so she can accomplish her goals. Lauren is using

emotional self-regulation.

Besides self-awareness, self-conscious emotions require

adult instruction in when to feel proud, ashamed, or guilty.

Self-conscious emotions appear in the __________ of the __________ year.

middle; second

After being gently scolded for taking a toy away from his cousin, 20-month-old Rainer lowers his eyes, hangs his head, and hides his face with his hands. Rainer is expressing

shame.

Mark, who lives in an individualistic culture, gets an "A" on his test. His parents will probably encourage Mark to feel

pride in his personal achievement.

Sayuri, who lives in a collectivist culture, wins a game. Her parents will probably encourage Sayuri to feel

) embarrassed by the individual attention.

Which of the following are self-conscious emotions?

guilt, shame, and pride

Eighteen-month-old Joey is asked to share spinach or graham crackers with his mother in a social referencing experiment. Even though Joey prefers graham crackers, he might offer the spinach to his mother if she

uses her voice and facial expressions to convey a preference for the spinach.

Around 3 to 4 months of age,

when infants gaze, smile, or vocalize, they expect their social partner to respond in kind.

Infants engage in __________ by actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation.

social referencing

Once wariness of strangers develops after 6 months,

babies use the familiar caregiver as a secure base from which to explore.

Stranger anxiety is

less common in cultures where babies are frequently passed from one adult to another.

Which of the following statements about paternal depression is true?

Paternal depression is linked to frequent father-child conflict as children grow older.

Thomas became angry after a playmate took his truck away. How can Thomas's father help him to regulate his emotion?

Label Thomas's feelings, encourage him to describe his internal state, and offer a comforting hug.

Like anger, expressions of fear

rise from the second half of the first year into the second year.

__________ refers to quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity.

Reactivity

In adopted children with longer institutional stays,

the volume of the amygdala is atypically large.

Thomas and Chess's New York Longitudinal Study demonstrated that

temperament can protect a child from the negative effects of a highly stressful home life.

__________ is moderately related to attachment security in diverse cultures and SES groups.

Sensitive caregiving

Bindi quickly establishes regular routines, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's research, Bindi would be classified as a(n) __________ child.

easy

Josh is irregular in daily routines, is slow to accept new experiences, and tends to react negatively and intensely. In Thomas and Chess's research, Josh would be classified as a(n) __________ child.

difficult

According to Thomas and Chess's research, __________ children are at high risk for anxious withdrawal and aggressive behavior in early and middle childhood.

difficult

Carmen adopted her son just after his second birthday. What can you tell Carmen about the opportunity for attachment?

The first attachment bond can develop as late as 4 to 6 years of age.

In Thomas and Chess's New York Longitudinal Study, _____ percent of the children did not fit any category and showed unique blends of temperamental characteristics.

35

Cross-cultural evidence indicates that

attachment patterns may have to be interpreted differently in certain cultures.

Which of the following statements about observations conducted in the home or laboratory is true?

Researchers can better control children's experiences in a laboratory.

In all societies studied, the most common attachment pattern is the __________ pattern.

secure

Compared with __________ children, __________ children present fewer problems in the early years.

difficult; slow-to-warm-up

In low-SES families, attachment generally

changes from one insecure pattern to another.

Which of the following statements about the Attachment Q-Sort is true?

It does not differentiate between types of insecurity.

Which dimension of temperament was identified by Mary Rothbart?

irritable distress

The __________ taps a wider array of attachment-related behaviors than the Strange Situation

Attachment Q-Sort

__________ is the capacity to voluntarily suppress a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response.

Effortful control

In the Strange Situation, Sara approaches her parent during reunion with flat, depressed emotion. Sara looks away while her parent is holding her and displays a dazed facial expression. Sara is demonstrating characteristics of __________ attachment.

disorganized/disoriented

Temperament is assessed through

parental reports, observations, and physiological measures.

In the Strange Situation, Philip seeks closeness to his mother and fails to explore. When his mother leaves, Philip is distressed, and on her return he hits her. Philip is displaying characteristics of __________ attachment.

resistant

Which of the following statements about Jerome Kagan's research on the development of shyness and sociability is true?

Most children's dispositions became less extreme over time.

In the Strange Situation, Olivia seems unresponsive to her mother when she is present. When her mother leaves, Olivia is not distressed. She reacts to the stranger in much the same way. Olivia is demonstrating characteristics of __________ attachment.

avoidant

In the Strange Situation, Bernadette uses her mother as a secure base. When separated, Bernadette does not cry, but when her mother returns, Bernadette crawls to her. Bernadette is demonstrating __________ attachment.

secure

Four-month-old Max is easily upset by new sights and sounds. According to Kagan's research, Max probably has __________ and __________ than a social baby when faced with novelty.

a higher heart rate; a higher cortisol level

Professor Novak is interested in assessing the quality of attachment between 1 and 2 years of age. Which of the following laboratory procedures should Professor Novak use?

the Strange Situation

__________ affect(s) the chances that an emotionally reactive baby will become a fearful child.

Child-rearing practices

The __________ theory of attachment recognizes the infant's emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival.

ethological

Three-year-old Cara knows that her mother will pick her up from preschool after snack and seeks her comfort whenever she is in an unfamiliar or stressful situation. These examples show that Cara has developed

an internal working model.

John Bowlby retained the psychoanalytic idea that

quality of attachment to the caregiver has profound implications for the child's capacity to form trusting relationships.

In Bowlby's theory, babies in the preattachment phase

do not mind being left with an unfamiliar adult.

To acquire effective social skills, inhibited children need

parenting tailored to their temperaments.

In Bowlby's "clear-cut" attachment phase, babies display

separation anxiety.

Erika becomes upset when her mother leaves. When her mother is present, Erika follows and climbs on her in preference to others. Erika is most likely in Bowlby's __________ phase.

"clear-cut" attachment

Two-year-old Katelyn asks her father to read her a story before leaving her with a babysitter. Katelyn is most likely in Bowlby's __________ phase.

formation of a reciprocal relationship

According to Bowlby, the __________ becomes a vital part of personality, serving as a guide for all future close relationships.

internal working model

Overall stability of temperament is

only low to moderate.

Observation of which of the following children is the most likely to provide a researcher with the most accurate long-term prediction of temperament?

Tyson, age 3

Research on temperament indicates that

the ease with which children manage their reactivity in early childhood depends on the type and strength of the reactive emotion involved.

On average, __________ of individual differences in temperament and personality have been attributed to differences in genetic makeup.

half

According to Bowlby, during the attachment-in-the-making phase, babies

begin to develop a sense of trust with their caregiver.

Compared with American Caucasian infants, Chinese and Japanese babies tend to be

more fearful.

Compared with girls, boys are

more irritable when frustrated.

Which of the following statements about the influence of the environment on temperament is true?

Temperament and personality can be understood only in terms of complex interdependencies between genetic and environmental factors.

__________ involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while encouraging more adaptive functioning.

Goodness of fit

Which theory of attachment is the most widely accepted view

ethological

Research on temperament shows that

cultural values affect the fit between parenting and child temperament.

Professor Hardwick is interested in the strong affectionate tie children have with special people in their lives that leads them to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress. Professor Hardwick studies

attachment.

Attachment depends on

emotional ties.

Toddlers who sleep alone and experience frequent daytime separations from their parents

sometimes develop strong emotional ties to comfort objects, such as blankets and stuffed animals.