Biology Exam 3 Word Definitions and Concepts

left atrium

Chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins and pumps it into systemic circulation.

left ventricle

Pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta

right atrium

the right upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the venae cavae and coronary sinus

right ventricle

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

vena cava

a large vein carrying deoxygenated blood into the heart

Aorta

The large arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.

pulmonary veins

Deliver oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium

pulmonary artery

artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs

Arterioles

small vessels that receive blood from the arteries

Venules

small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins

Capillaries

Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body

Plasma

Fluid portion of blood

Hematocrit

the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood

whole blood

refers to the mixture of both plasma and formed elements

Platelets

blood clotting

red blood cells

Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.

While blood cells

leukocytes

bracheocephalic artery

supplies blood to the right arm and the head and neck

subclavian artery

Both a left and right, blood vessels that supply blood to the shoulders and upper limbs.

radial and ulnar arteries

arteries that run distally from the elbow and supply the hand

auxillary artery

artery in armpit area

Neutrophils

Most abundant white blood cell., The most abundant type of white blood cell. Phagocytic and tend to self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their life span to a few days.

Basophil

A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine.

Eosinophils

They're part of your body's defense system against allergens and help protect your body from fungal and parasitic infections.

Lymphocytes

The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.

Monocytes

An agranular leukocyte that is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage.

T cells

Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body.

B cells

Cells manufactured in the bone marrow that create antibodies for isolating and destroying invading bacteria and viruses.

Erythropoietin

A hormone produced and released by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow.

blood typing

The blood of one person is different from another's due to the presence of antigens on the surface of the erythrocytes. The major method of typing blood is the ABO system and includes types A, B, O, and AB. The other major method of typing blood is the Rh factor, consisting of the two types, Rh+ and Rh-.

Agglutination

clumping of red blood cells

cardiac output

The volume of blood ejected from the left side of the heart in one minute.

SA node

pacemaker of the heart, begins conduction

AV node

relays electrical impulses from atria into ventricles

Perkinje fibers

End of the conduction system; sends impulses through the ventricles, causing them to contract

ECG

electrocardiogram

PQRS wave

stroke volume

The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction.

Systole

contraction phase of the heartbeat

Diastole

relaxation phase of the heartbeat

bicuspid valve

valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

tricuspid valve

valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

pulmonary semilunar valve

heart valve opening from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery

aortic semilunar valve

located between the left ventricle and the aorta

Rh factor

Refers to the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells.

upper respiratory tract

consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea

lower respiratory tract

larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Pharynx

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

Larynx

voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords

Trachea

Allows air to pass to and from lungs

Bronchi

The passages that direct air into the lungs

Bronchioles

Airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli.

Alveoli

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

Lungs

two spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration

gas exchange

Breathing, transport of gases, and exchange of gases with tissue cells; Provides O2 for cellular respiration and removes its waste product, CO2

respiratory rate

number of breaths per minute

Asthma

A chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing.

Bronchodialator Drugs

they "dilate the bronchi and bronchioles" thereby opening the airway; helps to decrease wheezing

Diaphragm

Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing

external intercostals

elevates ribs during inspiration

Ventilation

movement of air in and out of the lungs

intrapulmonary pressure

pressure within the lungs

Inhalation

the act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward

Exhalation

The passive part of the breathing process in which the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax, forcing air out of the lungs.

intrapleural pressure

pressure in the pleural cavity surrounding the lungs

negative pressure breathing

A breathing system in which air is pulled into the lungs when the lung volume is expanded.

Emphysema

a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness.

Hemaglobin saturation at altitude

decrease

hemoglobin saturation

The percentage of heme units in a hemoglobin molecule that contain bound oxygen

Anemia

A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume.