Studied by 4 people3 parts of the information processing model
encoding, storage, retrieval
three ways of encoding
visual, acoustic, semantic
what does semantic mean
meaning, connection
two types of encoding processing
automatic, effortful
encoding when you’re unaware
automatic encoding
what is it called when you are encoding with rehearsal
effortful encoding
what does automatic encoding encode
space, time, frequency (number of times)
phenomenon where you only remember things at the beginning and at the end
serial position effect
another word for beginning
primary
another word for ending
recency
mental pictures to help with memory
imagery
tools/aids to help us remember things easier
mnemonics
when you break something into smaller parts to help you remember
chunking
when you have a big idea that you subdivide over and over again to help you remember better
hiearchy
who came up with the three stages of storage
Adkinson and Shiffin
three stages of storage
sensory, short-term, long-term
two types of sensory storage
iconic, echoic
take stuff in through eyes
iconic encoding
take stuff in through ears
echoic
how long does echoic storage last
3-4 seconds
encoded memory that made it from sensory memory
short-term memory
how much information can short-term memory hold
7(+-2) pieces of information
how long does short-term memory last
20-30 seconds
George Miller storage
came up with 7(+-2) and 20-30 seconds of storage
rehearsed memory to help store it
long-term memory
how much capacity does long-term memory have
infinite
how long does information stay in long-term memory
forever
3 types of long term memory
flashbulb, explicit, implicit
type of long-term memory that is so vivid and detailed that you remember it forever
flashbulb memory
type of long-term memory that is factual and general knowledge; can be episodic like a personal story
explicit memory
type of long-term memory that is procedural
implicit memory
5 types of retrieval
recognition, recall, relearning, de ja vu, mood congruent
type of retrieval where you identify the memory
recognition
type of retrieval where you pull out the memory without cues or prompts
recall
type of retrieval where its easier to relearn because you have to learn it again
relearn
type of retrieval where mood is connected to the memory
mood congruent
2 reasons why we forget
repression, decay
psychodynamic view of why we forget stuff
repression
when we suppress memories because they were traumatic or bad
repression
when you forget after encoding because there is no regular retrieval
decay
who came up with the forgetting curve
Hermann Ebbinghaus
forgetting occurs at a rapid rate soon after learning, with the majority of forgetting occurring within the first few days, but the forgetting slows down as time goes on
forgetting curve
when you incorporate misleading information into your memory of an event
misinformation effect
who did the experiment on the misinformation effect
Loftus and Palmer
experiment where the car accident was shown on video and everyone got asked how fast the car was going with a different verb
Loftus and Palmer experiment
inability to remember when/where/how we acquired the piece of information
source amnesia
when you only find one solution to solve a problem
convergent thinking
when you find many solutions to a problem
divergent thinking
the basic all-encompassing idea of something
concepts
most general/common/typical example of the concept
prototype
when you try every possible way to do something until you find a solution
algorithm
when you use shortcut or use guesses, judgement, or experience to find a solution
heuristics
2 types of heuristics
availability, representative
type of heuristic where you use what is readily available in your mind
availability
type of heuristic where you compare it to a prototype in your mind
representative
are heuristics usually wrong or right
wrong
lightbulb; when you suddenly solve the problem
insight
which dude did the insight experiment with chimpanzees
Wolfgang Kohler
chimps were in cages with bananas high up and they couldn’t solve the problem. Suddenly, they used boxes to climb and get the bananas
Kohlberg’s chimpanzee experiment
when you can produce ideas that are novel and valuable
creativity
which peeps are creative
intrinsically motivated peeps
when you only search for information that confirms what you believe in
confirmation bias
the inability to see problems from a new/fresh perspective
fixation
inability to see an OBJECT in a new way
functional fixedness
when you fall into the same patterns/routines
mental set
when you overestimate your ability to do things
overconfidence
when you cling to beliefs even if it is clearly wrong
belief perseverance
what includes gestures, body language, and expressions
language
smallest distinctive sound unit
phonemes
smallest sound that has meaning (prefixes, suffixes, etc.)
morphemes
what does language transmit
thought
3 parts of language structure
grammar, semantics, syntax
system of basic rules that allows for communication
grammar
how we derive meaning
semantics
example of semantics
Lets eat grandma vs Lets eat, grandma
how we order words
syntax
3 steps/stages of language
babbling, one-word, two-word/telegraphic
occurs in 3-4 month olds when they only use phonemes
babbling
occurs in one-year-olds; when they use one word for a whole thought
one-word stage
when little kids use noun+verb to communicate
two-word stage/telegraphic stage
how does BF Skinner believe we learn language
either directly or indirectly through reinforcements and punishments
how does Noam Chompsky believe we learn language
children in their minds have a LANGUAGE ACQUISITON MACHINE that turns on at some point during maturation
what is the critical period for learning language
3-7 year olds
when the information fails to be stored during the encoding stage
encoding failure
when old information stored in long-term memory interferes with the learning of new information
proactive interferences
when newer memories interfere with the retrieval of older memories
retroactive interferences
when all your memory is cleared except for the recent memories
retrograde amnesia
when you can’t make any new memories but you remember old ones
anteretrograde amnesia
the theory that differences in languages and their structures determine how people think and interact with the world around them
linguistic determinism
all humans are born with an innate ability to acquire, develop, and understand language
inborn universal grammar theory
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