GLPH 171 Module 2: Environmental Determinants of Health (Midterm Deck)

" a person who challenges aspects of existing structures that others accept without question"

a critical scholar

what is the limitation of using life expectancy at birth as a health indicator?

it only considers the duration of life, and not the quality

why is life expectancy at birth used as a health indicator?

it is comparable across geographies

the level of development within a healthcare system in a country and the overall level of development in a country such as in the labour market, democratic governance, social services derived from a tax base, etc.

health development

what is health data based on the assumption of?

assumption that life statistics are recorded everywhere, however this is not true

what is one reason that birth and death (vital statistics) records can be inaccurate?

not all births and deaths are registered

the process of carefully and systematically assessing the outcome of scientific research

critical appraisal

5 aspects of environmental determinants of health

geography, natural environment, built environment, food systems, macro-environmental factors

global location, country, region within a country, urban/rural location

geography

what are two factors under natural environment

abiotic and biotic factors

air, water, soil, trees, and green space comprise the __________ environment

natural

housing, community structures, roadways, transportation structures comprise the __________ environment

built

food sources, food distribution, levels of food security, and concepts such as food deserts comprise the ___________.

food systems

macroenvironmental factors are ________, ________, and __________ factors

political, economic, and national

according to the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights, what 4 rights/things are people entitled to?

clothing, food, shelter/housing, and medical care

what 5 factors comprise the environment according to the UN

physical, biological, social, chemical, and psychosocial factors

what % of burden of disease do environmental factors account for in LMICs

8.4%

3 Main Environmental Factors associated with Disease

Indoor Smoke, Unsafe water/sanitation/hygiene, Urban Air pollution

in 2025, which environmental factor is predicted to lead to the most deaths?

particulate matter

disproportionate burden on low SES people, negative effect on economic productivity, and higher risks for young people are _______.

costs and consequences of environmental health problems

what are ultrafine airborne pollutants a result of?

smoke and fumes emitted through human activities

3 risks/implications associated with ultrafine airborne pollutants

enter and irritate children's lungs, cross the blood brain barrier and affect cognitive development, cross the placenta and affect fetal development

how many children live areas where air pollution levels exceed WHO standards?

2 billion

how many children live areas where air pollution levels are considered "extremely toxic"

30 million

particulate matter of less than 10 microns in diameter is able to

cross respiratory passages

particulate matter of less than 2.5 microns in diameter is able to

penetrate lungs and enter the bloodstream

primary source of indoor air pollutants

burning solid fuels indoors for heating and cooking

health risks associated with indoor burning of solid fuels

incomplete combustion, toxic smoke, carbon monoxide, long term health effects

what % of the population in Africa uses solid fuels for cooking?

95%

T/F: The use of solid fuels as a source of cooking and heating is steadily decreasing

false

who is disproportionately affected by indoor air pollution

children and women

3 Key Findings on the Effects of Air Pollution on Women and Children

issues in birth, increase in child mortality, issues in brain development

which continent accounts for the most air-pollution related deaths?

Asia

which 3 populations face a higher risk of air pollution?

urban, rural, and refugee populations

factors that further contribute to or exacerbate the issue at hand

aggravating and intersecting factors

what are 2 aggravating/intersecting factors for air pollution

lack of access to healthcare and climate change

globally, how many people do not have access to clean drinking water?

1.1 billion

which continent/region has the most people who lack access to safe water?

East Asia and the Pacific

3 multiple choice options

infections transmitted through the ingestion of unclear water are _________

water-borne

3 multiple choice options

cholera is what type of water-related infection?

water-borne

Hep A is what type of water-related infection?

water-washed

infections that are transmitted through an aquatic intermediate host are _________.

water-based

infections that are transmitted by insects that reproduce through water

vector-related insect vector

schistosomiasis and guinea worm are what type of water-related infection?

water-based

ascites is an allergic reaction that results from what infection?

schisosomiasis

how many first nation communities currently have water drinking advisories?

32

which is not one of the discussed ways that housing can impact health

housing amenities

3 multiple choice options

biological, chemical, and physical hazards in housing are considered to be ____________

internal housing conditions

spatial separation of two or more social groups within a specified geographic area

residential segregation

T/F: Canada has a unified, national housing plan

false

individuals who who to temporarily live with family or friends because they had no where else to live

hidden homelessness

individuals who had to live in a homeless shelter, on the street, in a makeshift shelter, or in an abandoned building

unsheltered homelessness

what % of canadians have experienced unsheltered homelessness?

~15%

that lack of which item is NOT included in the core housing need definition

lack of community

3 multiple choice options

how is lack of affordability defined?

when tenants pay more than 30% of their income on housing

tenants living in overcrowded conditions

lack of suitability

tenants who lack a full bathroom or it requires significant repair

lack of adequacy

what % of households in canada experience core housing needs?

12.7%

which factor is likely driving core housing need statistics?

unaffordable housing

"characterized by extensive violence and loss of life, displacement of populations, widespread damage to societies and economies, need for large-scale, multi-faceted humanitarian assistance"

CHEs

according to the WHO, what is the single biggest health threat facing humanity

climate change

which mental disorder did people living through natural disasters report experiencing?

eco-anxiety

which country has reported the most number of natural disasters?

china

3 multiple choice options

what is one concern on the economic impacts of climate change

increase in resource allocation to relief programs results in decrease in allocation for health system support

what sort of government system is linked to lower mortality and higher life expectancy rates?

free democracy

what is at the base of maslow's hierarchy of needs

security

what is the average annual cost of groceries for a family in nunuvat

24,000

what is the annual income for a family in nunuvat?

20k

WHO standard for air quality

10 mcg/m^3

WHO standard for extremely toxic air quality

> 60 mcg/m^3

outdoor air pollution is worse in __________ communities

urban

indoor air pollution is worse in __________communities

rural

which region is not included in the list of areas with the highest particulate matter

east asia

3 multiple choice options

what percentage of OUTDOOR air pollution related deaths occur in asia?

88%

what percentage of INDOOR air pollution related deaths occur in asia?

99%

exposure to what gas that commonly seeps into houses is associated with cancer?

radon

what % of the population of Nunavut faced core housing needs in 2016?

32.9%