Genetics Chapter 12 and 13

how large is a cell

30 micro meters

how large are bacteria

3 micrometers

most bacterial species contain____ DNA

circular

The short regions between adjacent genes are called?

intergenic regions

what is required to initiate DNA replication

origin of replication

do bacterial chromosomes have telomeres

no

what creates loop domains

DNA binding proteins

negetive supercoils turn DNA to the

left

positive supercoils turn DNA to the

right

which supercoil “unwinds DNA”

negetive supercoils

what controls supercoiling

topoisomerases

Type I topoisomerases cut _____ strand(s) of helix

one

Type II topoisomerases cut _____ strand(s) of helix

two

what topoisomerase removes negetive supercoils

topoisomerase I

which topoisomerase removes positive supercoils

topoisomerase II (gyrase)

_______ removes positive and negetive supercoils

topoisomerase IV

topoisomerase IV also removes ____ from each other

rings

gyrase decreases L by

2

what does L represent

the number of turns

which genome contains many origins of replication

eukaryotic

origins of replication in eukaryotes are every ___ BP

100,000

T/F ; size of the genome indicates the number of genes

False

what does the C-value paradox mean

larger genomes do not mean more complex genomes

what percentages of DNA is repetiitve ?

59%

What percentage of DNA is unique non coding

15%

What percentage of DNA is protien encoding

2%

What percentage of DNA is introns and other parts of genes

24%

What is the sequence of telomeres

CCAGGG

centromeres and telomeres are a type of ____DNA

satellite

what are teh two types of repetitive DNA

highly and middle

What are teh two types fo middle repetitive DNA

tandem repeats and interspersed retrotransposons

what is a type of multiple copy gene

rRNA genes

What is a type of MINi satellites

VNTRs

What is a type of Micro-satellite

STRs

mini satellites are_____

unique to you

microsatellites are ___ tandem repears

short

what is used in paternaty testing

microsatellites

What sequence makes up 10.7% of the genome

Alu

SINEs are dead unless converted to _____

DNA

what helps bring SINEs back?

LINES

what are the two types of intersperesed retrotransposons

SINES and LINEs

what is a type of SINE

Alu

What is a type of LINE

L1

What are teh three types of tandem repeats?

mutiple copy genes, mini satellites, microsatellites

why do we need repetitive sequences

allows for recombination and misaligned recombinated

What is a double stranded segment of DNA wrapped around a octamer of histone protiens called

nucleosome

nucleosome DNA winds __ handed

left

what cuts DNA between nucleosomes

DNase

What is linker DNA?

DNA between nucelosides

how large are linker sequences in humans

50 BP

how did they find that histones plus linkers are 200 BP?

DNAse Digestion and the 200 BP ladder

DNA wraps around a histone ___ times

1.75

How many histone subunits are there

8

What are the types of histone subunits

H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 (x2)

Why are histones needed

to neutralize DNA backboen

What amino acids are in histone residues

lysine and arginine

what causes histone acetylation?

HATs

What causes histone deacylation

HDACs

aceytlation causes DNA to

unwind

deacytlation causes DNA to

wind

which histone secures the ends

H1

what histone causes X-inactivation

H2A thorugh macroH2A

which histone is associated w/ centromeres?

H3

what are the two types of 30 nm fibers?

solenoid model and zig zag model

what sequences assoicate with proteins in nuclear fibers?

MAR (matrix associated regions)

what can form a radial loop

30 nm fibers

what helps make the nucelear matrix and why ?

nuclear matrix fibers and to keep chromsomes in general region

what happens in interpahse with euchroamtin storage

Double helix > nucelosomes> 30 nm fiber> radial loop domains

how does euchromatin condense in the M-phase

further compaction of radial loops to 700nm, and then formation of a scaffolding to be 1400 nm (with one chromatid being 700 nm)

how is histone protiens removed to seem the scaffoldign

high salt

what protein helps create radial loops and rosettes

SMC proteins

SMC 2 and 4 are called

condensin

SMC 1 and 3 are for ____ ______, _____

sister chromatid adhesion

when is seperase activated

from metaphase to anaphase

how wide is a rosette

700 nm

The head domain of the SMC proteins is _____ bindign

ATP

what forms 300 nm raidal loops

euchromatin

what forms 700 nm loops

heterochromatin

condensin is found in

heterochromatin

cohesion is found where

in between sister chroamtids

when is cohesion degraded ?

middle of prophase

when is cohesion at the centromere degreaded?

anaphase

what made heave chain dna and ligth chain DNA respectively?

N15; N14

What were the products in generation 2 of semiconservative replication

two intermediate, two light

What were the products in generation 1 of semiconservative replication

two intermediate

What were the products in generation 3 of semiconservative replication

6 light chain, 2 intermediate

What are the products of disperive replication hypothesis?

mixed heavy and light chain

What are teh products of the conservative DNA hypothesis?

one light chain and one original

what is at the site where replication ends?

ter sequences

What starts the initiation of DNA replication

Adenine are methylated on new strand by GATC methylation.

what nucleotides are in the region where the DNA puckekrs to start replication?

As and Ts

what binds to the DNaA boxes adjacent to the AT-rich region?

DnaA protein

After DNaA protein binds and puckers DNA, what binds?

DNA helicase to both sides of the replication fork

which N gets methylated on adenine

the top one on the 6-membered ring

DNA helicase recruits?

primase

What do single stranded binding proteins do?

keep DNA strands apart and in order.

Primase lays down the

RNA primer

what bonds does ligase fix?

phosphodiester

DNA ligase links

Okazaki fragments

The lagging strand grows in

Okazaki fragments