3. Canine infectious respiratory disease

What is Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex (CIRDC) commonly known as?

Kennel cough or infectious tracheobronchitis

What are some characteristics of kennel cough?

Acute, highly contagious, sudden onset, cough, discharge

What factors contribute to kennel cough?

Environment, stress, nutrition

When is kennel cough more likely to occur?

Early spring (higher temperature and humidity)

What types of organisms can cause kennel cough?

Viral and bacterial agents

Name some viral agents that can cause kennel cough?

1. Parainfluenza-1

2. Adenovirus-type 2

3. Herpesvirus-1

4. Canine distemper

5. Respiratory coronavirus

6. Pneumovirus

7. Canine influenza virus

Name some bacterial agents that can cause kennel cough?

1. Bordetella bronchiseptica

2. Mycoplasma spp.

3. Streptococcus

4. Pasteurella spp.

5. Pseudomonas spp.

6. Klebsiella spp.

Which of the viral agents are not thought to have a carrier state?

CPiV, CAV, CDV, CRCoV

Which viral agent has a documented carrier state?

CHV (canine herpesvirus)

Which bacterial agents have carrier states in the upper respiratory tract of healthy dogs?

B. bronchiseptica and Mycoplasma

How long can shedding of B. bronchiseptica and Mycoplasma last?

2 weeks or less, up to 3 months (Mycoplasma)

What is the pathogenesis of kennel cough?

Multiplication of agents in epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, causing damage to mucosa and altering systemic bacterial invasion

No viraemia or dissemination of the virus in other organs and systems (EXCEPT CDV)

What do CS of CIRDC depend on?

1. Proportion of agent

2. Age

3. Body condition

4. Immunocompetence

What are some clinical signs of kennel cough?

• Ranges from asymptomatic to severe disease

• Harsh, dry coughing, gagging. Always some discharge from eyes (said boris)

• Development of more severe signs: fever, anorexia, vomiting, pus-containing nasal discharge (or ocular), depression, a productive cough- especially in puppies, usually indicate presence of additional infection eg. distemper or bronchopneumonia.

What are some diagnostic methods for kennel cough?

Presumptive diagnosis

1. Clinical examination (history, clinical signs)

2. Radiography of thorax

3. Haematology (CRP measurement: higher in bacterial than viral)

4. Thoracic auscultation

When is a microbiological examination indicated with CIRDC?

1. Febrile patient with apathy, anorexia & breathing difficulties

2. Patient is resistant to ATB therapy

What does leukocytosis indicate in a kennel cough diagnosis?

Bacterial involvement

What are the treatments for CIRDC?

1. Isolate

2. Symptomatic

3. Supportive

4. Casual

What are some symptomatic treatments for kennel cough?

1. Anti-tussives (hydrocodone, dextromethorphan)

2. Bronchodilators (aminophylline)

What are some supportive treatments for CIRDC?

1. Aerosol therapy (O2 + F10)

2. Fluids

3. Nutrition

4. Glucocorticoids (short term, but not if pneumonia)

What are some causal treatments for kennel cough?

Antibiotics (amoxicillin+clavulanate, azithromycin, enrofloxacin, doxycycline, cephalosporins)

Which ATB should be used for Mycoplasma infections, and why?

• Doxycycline

• No cell wall (beta-lactams = cell wall inhibitors → won’t work)

Why are antibiotics not always necessary for kennel cough?

They are not proven to alter the outcome in all cases

What are some preventive measures for kennel cough?

1. Maternal immunity

2. Natural immunity

3. Vaccination

4. Reduced population density

5. Isolation of suspected dogs

6. Cleaning

7. Maintaining good humidity and temperature

What vaccines are used to prevent kennel cough?

1. Complex vaccine (humoral immunity): CAV-2, CPiV-2, Bordetella bronchiseptica.

2. Duramune Max-5 CVK

3. Intranasal vaccine: bronchi-shield (Bordetella, CAV-2)

4. DHPPi: CDV, CAD2, CPV, CPiV

5. BbPi: B. bronchiseptica, CPiV

What is the Duramune Max-5 CVK vaccine used for?

Distemper, corona, parainfluenza, parvo, adenovirus

How quickly does immunity develop after intranasal vaccination?

72 hours

What is the benefit of the intra-nasal vaccination?

Can be given in the presence of maternal Ab’s because its cell mediated immunity

What are DHPPi and BbPi vaccines?

DHPPi: CDV, CAD2, CPV, CPiV;

BbPi: B. bronchiseptica, CPiV

What can interfere with maternal antibodies in puppies?

Parental vaccines

What is the relationship between canine adenovirus 1 and 2 in vaccination?

Vaccination against one strain covers both strains

Which diseases do CAV-1 and CAV-2 cause?

Canine adenovirus 1 - infectious hepatitis

Canine adenovirus 2 - infectious laryngotracheitis

How long does canine herpes virus survive in the environment compared to feline herpesvirus?

Canine herpes virus survives hours, feline herpesvirus survives weeks