Adolescent Development Exam 1

physical perspective

begins in puberty

chronological perspective

begins at 10

social perspective

time between childhood and adulthood

emerging adulthood

phase of life span between adolescence and adulthood characterized by experimentation and exploration (18-25)

five key features of adolescence

Identity exploration, instability, self-focused, feeling in-between, age of possibilities

puberty

the period during which adolescents reach sexual maturity and become capable of reproduction

gonadarche

beginning of traditional puberty marked by first physical changes in gonads

gonadarche for girls

8-10 years old

gonadarche for boys

10-11 years old

gonads, hypothalamus, pituitary gland

three main parts of endocrine system

hypothalamus

monitors eating, drinking, and sex

pituitary gland

controls growth and regulates other glands

estrogens and androgens

found in both male and female

GnRH

hormone linked to pubertal timing

FSH

hormone that stimulates follicle development in females and sperm production in males

LH

hormone that regulates estrogen secretion and ovum development in

females and testosterone production in males

earlier puberty

large urban areas and developed countries

social role theory

people’s behaviors are influenced by the social roles they occupy in society

self-understanding

the process of teenagers developing a conscious awareness of their own identity, values, beliefs, strengths, weaknesses, and how they fit into the world around them

perspective-taking

ability to assume another person’s perspective and understand their thoughts/feelings

social cognitive monitoring

ability to observe, interpret, and understand social cues and situations around them

self-concept

domain-specific evaluations of the self

self-esteem

how an individual feels about themselves, encompassing their sense of self-worth, confidence, overall perception of abilities

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage that takes place during adolescent years

Identity Diffusion

adolescents who have not yet experienced identity crisis, have not made any commitments, and show little interest in doing so

Identity Foreclosure

adolescents make commitments but have not explored identity or experienced identity crisis

Identity Moratorium

adolescents in the midst of an identity crisis but no clear commitment to an identity

identity achievement

adolescents who have undergone identity crisis and made a commitment

sexual script

stereotyped pattern of role prescriptions for how individuals should behave in sexual contexts

bisexual adolescents

most negative results with respective to their sexuality

28%

percentage of LGBTQ+ youth that experience homelessness or housing instability

Risks for mother in adolescent pregnancy

pregnancy complications, postpartum depression, less prenatal healthcare, stigma from family/community

Risks for child in adolescent pregnancy

health and developmental issues, poor nutrition, and healthcare

1/4

fraction of college students that has an STI

The Red Zone

When most college sexual assaults happen (beginning of year-thanksgiving)

Family of Origin

the family a person is raised in, including biological or adoptive parents, siblings, and other relatives or primary caregivers

best outcome

authoritative parenting style

Authoritarian Parenting

restrictive, punitive style in which parent expects child to follow directions and respect work and effort; higher rates in African American, Latino, Immigrant, low-income households

Authoritative Parenting

encourages independence but still places limits and controls on actions; more common in white, affluent families

Permissive Parenting

highly responsive and accommodating, have few demands, boundaries, or expectations; higher in white, affluent families

Neglectful Parenting

unresponsive or uninterested in child

their mothers

who adolescents have the most disagreements with

surface-level conversation

Majority of adolescent sibling conversations

autonomy

the ability to make independent decisions, regulate one’s own behavior, and think for oneself

emotional autonomy

the ability to relinquish childlike dependencies on parents

enmeshment

a family dynamic where family members are overly involved with each other, blurring personal boundaries; becomes increasingly apparent in emerging adulthood

Latchkey Kid

a child who has a key into their home and is often alone at home after school has finished for the day because their parents are out of work, may mature quickly

attachment styles

The way our primary caregivers interacted with us as infants, and how those interactions affect our relationships in adulthood

John Bowlby

created attachment theory

Secure attachment

an attachment style that involves feeling comfortable with intimacy and closeness, and being able to communicate needs and feelings; the child feels protected and can depend on the caregiver to meet physical/emotional needs

Anxious attachment

an insecure attachment in which individuals experience excessive worry/anxiety in relationships, often stemming from fear of abandonment or rejection; stems from emotional needs not being met in childhood

avoidant attachment

an insecure attachment in which individuals avoid emotional intimacy and closeness in relationships: associated with consistent experiences of rejection of attachment needs in childhood

disorganized attachment

an insecure attachment in which individuals crave closeness but also fear it