Chapter 4: Nutrition and Youth Health and Wellbeing

WHO definition

Health is a complete state of physical, social and mental wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease of infirmity

Physical Health and Wellbeing

Functioning of the body and its systems, which a person is able to perform their daily tasks without physical restriction

**eg**. Energy levels, physical fitness

Social health and wellbeing

Ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others as well as the ability to manage or adapt to different social situations

**eg**. Supportive network of friends, effective communication with others

Emotional health and wellbeing

the ability to recognise, understand and effectively manage and express emotions as well as the ability to display resilience

**eg**. recognise a range of emotions, respond to, manage and express emotions

Mental Health and Wellbeing

Person's mind or brain and relates to the ability to think and process information

**eg**. positive thought patterns, low levels of stress and anxiety

Spiritual health and wellbeing

Ideas, beliefs, values, ethics that arise in the mind and conscience of human beings. Guiding a sense of meaning, value and reflection

**eg**. Having a sense of belonging, having meaning and purpose in life

Health perspectives and priorities- Age

Increase in complexity as we age

* 8-15 years old- physical and mental health, depression, anxiety
* 65+- Illness prevention still a focus, dealing with new emotions

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Self assessed data

Reflects a persons perception on overall health and wellbeing at a given point in time

Gender

Males have a less holistic view of their health compared to females and tend to fixate more on the physical aspects of health and wellbeing.

Culture

**Western culture-** Professional medical practice and intervention

**Vietnamese culture-** Supernatural phenomena. Health promoted through pray

**Asian Culture**- decision made by the eldest male member in the family. The health of the community is more important, than the individual

**Traditional Chinese medicine-** acupuncture, herbs are used to restore the body

**Indian culture-** Traditional medicine practices- to achieve balance of all dimensions and healthy lifestyles

Religions

Focus heavily on spiritual health

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**Beliefs vary:** drugs, alcohol, birth control, consuming meat

Socioeconomic status (SES)

Education level, occupation type and income.

* Lower SES rate their own health status to be lower as they have higher rates of illness and disease

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people

Aboriginal wellbeing means not just physical wellbeing, but refers to the social, emotional and cultural wellbeing of the whole community

* Prioritise spiritual health and wellbeing

**Connection to land-** gives them a sense of identity and sense of belonging

Health indicators

Standard statistics, measure and compare health status \\n

**eg**. life expectance, mortality, morbidity rates

life expectancy

Indication of how long a person can expect to live, number of years remaining to a person's particular age

Limitations

Does not give an indication of the quality of life

Mortality

Deaths particularly in a population

Mortality rate

Measurement of the proportion of a population who die on a one year period

Years of life lost (YLL)

Premature death is another way of measuring and comparing mortality

Morbidity

Refers to ill health in an individual and levels of ill health in a population or group

Mortbidity rate

Measure how many people suffer from a particular condition during a given period of time

Incidence

Number of new cases of a condition in a given period ( usually 12 months)

Prevalence

**Total number of cases of a condition at a given time** \n - both incidence and prevalence often per 1000 or 100,000 population

Years of life lost due to disability

Measure impact of morbidity on a group or population \\n - Caused by premature death

-Losing healthy years of life living with illness or disability

Burden of disease

Impact of diseases and injuries, measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation

- DALY unit

Disability Adjusted life year ( DALY)

One DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury

DALY= YLL + YLD

Youth perspectives

Priorities relating to health and wellbeing become more holistic with age - considering more than just physical component as an influence

Low socioeconomic status

* exercise less
* more likely to smoke
* have lower education levels and health literacy

High socioeconomic status

* visit the dentist more often
* seek preventative health measures
* higher rates of private health insurance

Family

Shape behaviours and influence health status

* main provider of resources influencing factors developing emotional, resilience, communication

Lack of family cohesion- increased risk taking behaviour

**eg**. sexual practices- greater burden of disease from STIs lowering health status

Peer group

Increasingly influential during youth, impacting health behaviours and health status

**Positive-** exercise, healthy eating, supporting

**Negative-** engaging in risk taking behaviour \\n

==eg.== drugs, binge drinking

Education

* Develop knowledge and skills- prepares for work in later years
* Increased income later in life, ability to pay for health services and reduced stress about finances and job security
* Promotes awareness of health related behaviours ( eg. smoking)

Income

* Income of the family, influence youth health behaviours
* Income for expenses, increasing regular exercise and positive health behaviour

**Example:** participating in a team sport often involves costs such as uniforms and membership fees

Access to health information and support services

Health education in schools or accessing services covered by medicare

* turn to digital technologies to source information

Employment

influence youth health behaviours and heath status in both positive and negative ways

Housing

indoor air pollution and housing safety, influence youth health behaviours and status in a positive and negative way

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**eg**. kitchen facilities, overcrowding, location of housing

Physchology distress

Unpleasant feelings and emotions

* Impact on an individuals level of functioning

Core activity limitation

Three core activities, may have a core activity limitation

* Self care
* Morbility
* Communication

Nutrients

Organic and inorganic substances found in food that are required by the body for **growth** and **maintenance** for body

Macronutrients

**Large** molecules, **high** qualities

__eg.__ Carbohydrates, protein, fats, water

Micronutrients

**Small** size, **small** quantities for functions they perform

__eg.__ Vitamins, minerals

Macronutrients- Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates preferred energy source for **metabolism** and **growth**

* Rich in **glucose**

__eg.__ rice, pasta, bananas, bread

* Found on sugar and foods containing added sugar

50%

Carbohydrates classification

1. **Simple carbohydrates-** Fruit, honey, milk

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2. **Complex carbohydrates-** Wholegrain cereals, veggies, fruits & legumes

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3. **Soluble fibre-** Fruit, veggies, lentils

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4. **Insoluble fibre-** Nuts, seeds, wholegrain foods, skin of fruit & veggies

Carbohydrate deficiency

* Low energy levels
* Low concentration levels
* Constipation, irritable bowel syndrome ( fibre allows us to go to the toilet)

Excess carbohydrate

* Weight gain, can lead to obesity. Overall impacting high blood pressure
* Heart disease
* Diabetes ( excess sugar)

Fibre

**Soluble fibre:** Satisfies hunger, by absorbing water in larger intestine, softening faeces

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**Insoluble fibre:** Binds with cholesterol, preventing absorption

* Volatile fatty acids, produced ferments during digestion

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__eg.__ Wholegrain bread, pasta, fruit and veggies

Macronutrients- Proteins

Builds, **maintains** and **repairs** body cells

* Growth and development
* Strengthens and hardens bones and teeth
* Secondary source of energy, when carbohydrates are depleted

__eg.__ Red meat and dairy products

20%

Protein- Amino Acids

20 different types in the human body

* 11 non-essential meaning they can be synthesised

**( made)** by the body

* 9 are essential amino acids, **cannot** be synthesised by the body. Need to **consume** them
* Complete proteins, contain all essential animo acids

Protein- Food sources

**Animal**: Eggs, Beef, chicken, dairy products, other poultry

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**Plant**: Wholegrain cereal, Brown rice, Soy products ( tofu)

Protein deficiency

•Muscle and lean tissue broken down for energy needs

•Starvation

•Brittle bones

•Swollen joints

Protein excess

•Weight gain

•Obesity

•High blood pressure

•Heart disease

•Diabetes

Recommended protein intake

10-35% total intake, varies depending on size, age, gener

* Woman- 60 grams
* Men- 74 grams

Macronutrients- Fats

* Protection of body organs
* Insulates body
* Regulates body temperature
* Source of Energy
* Provide body energy, assist with the absorption of fat

__eg.__ Olive oil, butter

25%

Saturated fats

* **High in cholesterol**, contribute to cardiovascular disease
* Found in animal products

__**eg.**__ eggs, butter

Monounsaturated Fats

* **Reduces cholesterol levels**
* Body digests it best

__**eg.**__ olives, nuts, avocados

Polyunsaturated Fats

* **Reduce cholesterol levels**
* Usually liquid at room temperature

__**eg.**__ Mainly plant and fish ( sunflower, soybeans, maize)

Trans Fat

* Consumption of excess trans fats have been found to **increase cholesterol levels**
* Solid at room temperature
* Mix of **mono and polyunsaturated oils**

__**eg.**__ Chips, commercial pies, cakes

Recommended fat intake

30% of total intake

* Woman- 68%
* Man- 78%

Fat Deficiency

•Difficulty regulating body temperature

•No fat stores/ emergency energy stores

•Dry skin and hair

Fat Excess

•Weight gain

•Obesity

•High blood pressure

•Heart disease

•Diabetes

Water

* Water makes up **55-75%** of body mass
* Key component of cells, tissues, systems
* Soft tissue production
* component of blood
* **Chemical reactions** in the body

__**Eg**__**.** milk, all foods have some water content ( fruits & veggies)

Calcium

* **Building of bone and hard tissues** ( teeth)
* Can lead to osteoporosis
* 1300mg per day ( 3 1/2)

__**eg**__. milk, yogurt, cheese

Sodium

**Regulates fluid through the body** ( water and blood)

* Fluid is draw to the sodium, the amount of sodium in the blood influences amount of fluid that stay in cells

**eg**. salt, olives, fish, pork

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**Effects:** High levels of sodium can draw excess fluid, contributing to hypertension

* Heart Failure, stroke, heart attack

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Most Australians have more then enough ( 8-9 times)

* 460-920 mg per day

Iron

**Essential part of blood,** part of haemoglobin- component of blood that carries **oxygen**

* If you don’t have enough intake you can develop anaemia ( tiredness, weakness)- struggle to complete daily tasks
* Females require more iron ( menstruction), compared to men

__**eg**__. lean red meat, eggs, wholemeal bread, brown rice, nuts

Vitamin A

* Required for **cell division**
* Development of immune system
* Promotes good vision

__**Eg.**__ Red and yellow and orange coloured fruits ( carrots, spinach)

Vitamin D

* Helps the **body absorb calcium, from the intestine into the bloodstream**
* Essential for **development and maintenance of hard tissue**
* Best source is **sunlight**
* Low levels of calcium absorption and bones become weak
* fatigue, low mood, weak bones

eg. fish, cheese, breakfast cereals and orange juice

Vitamins B1, B2, B3

* Metabolising or **converting fuels into energy**

__***Effects:***__

* Can cause the lack of energy
* Slowed growth of muscles and bones

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__***eg.***__ Vegemite, fish, eggs, meats, dark green leafy vegetables

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__**Assisting**__

* Cell respiration
* red blood cell
* Nervous system

B2 and B3 differences

**B2**-

* Activates B6
* Assist fatigue

**B3-**

* Treating schizophrenia and mental disorders
* Memory enhancers

Deficiency ( B1, 2 & 3)

* Poor digestion
* Forgetfulness

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%%__**Differences B1-**__%%

* Fatigue

%%__**Differences B2-**__%%

* Light sensitivity

%%__**Differences B3-**__%%

* Low blood sugar

Vitamin B9 ( Folate)

* **DNA** synthesis and important during times of **growth**

eg. green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, poultry

Vitamin B12

**Formation of red blood cells**

* Energy metabolism
* Nervous system
* DNA

eg. meat, eggs, cheese

Deficiency Folate and B12

* Anaemia- low red blood cells
* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Leg and arm soreness

Health Star rating systems

Rates the overall nutritional profile of packaged foods and assigns it is from 1/2 star to 5 star.

* The more stars the healthier the choice

Health Star rating Weakness & Strengthens

**Strengths:**

* Quickly and easily comparable products

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**Weakness:**

* It’s not updated
* Unhealthy products are still to get a high score

Australian Guide to healthy eating: Weakness

* Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol

Australian guide to healthy eating

Food groups are represented as part of a circle- the size of each segment indicates the proportions of the diet

* Encouraging consumption

The healthy eating pyramid

Visual representation of the types and proportion of foods

* **Foundational layer**: fruit, vegetables, legumes, grains

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* **Middle layer- Milk**, yogurt, cheese, lean meat, poultry, eggs, nuts, legumes

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* **Top layer**- healthy fats

Encouraging water and limiting salt/sugar intake

Short term health consequences- Imbalance

Regularly skipping meals:

* **Physical health and wellbeing:** Tired, lacking energy

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* **Emotional health and wellbeing**: Easily irritated and grumpy

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* **Mental health and wellbeing:** Unable to concentrate at school, limits understanding and therefor self-esteem

Glycaemic index ( GI)

Amount of glucose contained within carbohydrate- rich foods

* 1-100 based on how quickly they cause blood glucose levels to rise
* Sustain blood glucose longer are called **low GI** foods
* Eating foods with **low G**I gives sustained energy release whereas **high GI** gives body quick hit of glucose, then drops

Long term consequences

* Overweight


* Underweight
* Anaemia
* Dental carries

Overweight Youth

Can increase the risk of a range of conditions including Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and some cancers

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**Spiritual health and wellbeing**: Feels disconnected from friends and different from everyone

**Physical health and wellbeing**: Increases risk of musculoskeletal issues that can be painful

**Emotional health and wellbeing**: Embarrassed about how they look

**Mental health and wellbeing**: Low self-esteem and confidence

Underweight

Undernourishment of required nutrients

* can lead to an eating disorder
* Growth can be slowed
* Important that calcium, phosphorus and Vitamin D **consumed as bone density**

Anemia

* Inability of the blood to carry adequate oxygen around the body

**Physical Health and Wellbeing:** Due to tiredness and weakness result in lack of participating in sporting activities

**Social health and wellbeing:** No energy to attend event or activities with friend groups. May affect relationships with others

**Emotional health and wellbeing:** Constant feelings of tiredness may generate range of negative emotions

**Mental health and wellbeing**: Self- esteem and confidence may decrease

Sugar and dental health:

__Sugars:__ Bacteria in the mouth, causing dental decay and development of dental carries

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**Social health:** If one misses school, work or social events

**Mental health:** May effects ones appearance ( confidence)

**Spiritual health:** Self- esteem

Nutritionists

* Helps individuals achieve optimal health and wellbeing
* Provide information about impact of food choices
* Not qualified to provide medical treatment

Dieticians

* Works in professional practices
* Provide Dietary treatments

R.E.A.L strategy

* Nutrition related information that is from credible source, employ R.E.A.L strategy

**R- Read:** The URL, non-commerical sites ending in .org, .edu, and .gov are reliable sources

**E- Examine:** the sites content

**A- Ask:** about the authors name

**L- Look:** at the links ( end in .gov, .edu or .org)

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Celebrity Endorsements

Developing a relationship between consumers and products being sold

__***eg.***__ Music endorsement, advertised food products ( sugary foods, lollies)

Immersive Marketing

Involves seamlessly integrating advertising into a complete experience for consumers

* Creating an emotional relationship between the brand and consumer

__***Eg.***__ The my coke rewards program

Infiltration of Social Media

Advertising new food and drink promotions via social media, **drawing people into sharing and becoming promoters**

* Including information the marketer needs to build a profile

__***eg.***__ Social media ( Instragram)

Collection of personal data

Consumers are tagged with **unique identifies** when they go **online** and can easily be **tracked and profiled**

* Pattern of behaviours can be analysed

__***eg***__. Online shopping

Location based mobile marketing

Through collecting mobile phone numbers, able to **follow** young people throughout **daily lives,** via **tracking techniques**

* Provide marketing offers, take advantage of youth

__***eg.***__ Advertising of places near you

Product placement

Food and drink companies **promote products** through appearances **on TV, film, or other media**

* Viewer is in contact with brand for extended periods

__***eg.***__ Ads at footy

Marketing by influences/bloggers

Celebrities who are **influential** in the online world

* People attract large numbers of followers, since people are turning to them as **“trusted” source of information**

Impact of Marketing on Food Trends (in particular ‘clean eating’)

Companies tap into this by tailoring their products to be healthier

* As consumers’ interest in healthy eating increases, their willing to pay more for healthier options.

Social barriers

* Family
* Friends
* Socioeconomic status

Family

* Develop through family network

**Enablers**: Encouraging the consumption of fruit

**Barrier**- More likely to choose energy dense foods for meals

* Most young people rely on their family

Friends

* Peer groups increasingly important to young people, gain independence

**Social influence**: Lead patterns in food or drink habits

* **Peer pressure**- influential when eating out

Socioeconomic status

**INCOME**:

* Cost is a major enabler or barrier
* Low income groups experience food insecurity and find it hard to achieve balanced healthy diet

**EDUCATION**

* Access to quality education and health literacy
* Higher levels of education- healthier lifestyles, greater - consumption

**OCCUPTION**

* Influence food choices through impact of time available
* Different work environments
* Kitchen facilities and the types of food available, whether adopt healthy eating practices

**SOCIAL MEDIA-**

* Large amount of health information
* Finding credible nutritional advice via social media, becomes complicated
* Not overseen by regular agency

Cultural factors

* Religion
* Ethnicity
* Gender