BSCI 201 Intro Anatomy and Physiology - Review Flashcards

A comprehensive set of practice flashcards covering metabolism, anatomy vs physiology, organization, organ systems, anatomical terminology, body planes, cavities, and regional anatomy as presented in the notes.

What is the net ATP yield from glycolysis?

2 ATP (net) produced per glucose during glycolysis.

What else is produced during glycolysis besides ATP?

2 NADH molecules.

Which stage of cellular respiration yields the most ATP via oxidative phosphorylation?

Electron Transport Chain (ETC); about 32 ATP per glucose.

What is the total net ATP harvest per glucose during aerobic respiration?

36 ATP (2 from glycolysis, 2 from Krebs, ~32 from ETC).

Which molecule carries oxygen in the blood?

Hemoglobin in red blood cells.

How are Anatomy and Physiology defined, and what is their relationship?

Anatomy studies structure; Physiology studies function; structure and function are complementary.

List the 11 organ systems used in this course.

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Immune, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Urinary, Reproductive, Digestive.

Name the necessary life functions.

Maintain boundaries; Movement; Substance transport; Responsiveness; Metabolism; Digestion & excretion; Reproduction; Growth & development.

Name some survival needs.

Water, Oxygen, Nutrients, Stable internal environment (temperature, pH, pressures).

What does it mean that structure and function are inseparable in anatomy and physiology?

The structure of a part determines its function, and its function influences its structure.

What is gross (macroscopic) anatomy vs microscopic anatomy?

Gross anatomy = visible with the naked eye; Microscopic anatomy = study of tissues (histology) and molecular biology.

What are the levels of structural organization from atoms to the organism?

Atoms → Molecules → Organelles → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ systems → Organism.

What is the anatomical position?

Body erect, feet slightly apart, arms at sides, palms forward, thumbs pointing away; right/left refer to the body being viewed.

Name the three main body planes and their major sections.

Sagittal (left-right, includes midsagittal/median), Frontal/Coronal (anterior-posterior), Transverse (superior-inferior).

What is a midsagittal (medial) section?

A sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves.

What do the directional terms Superior and Inferior mean?

Superior = toward the upper part; Inferior = toward the lower part.

What do Anterior and Posterior mean?

Anterior = toward the front; Posterior = toward the back.

What do Medial and Lateral mean?

Medial = toward the midline; Lateral = away from the midline.

What do Proximal and Distal mean?

Proximal = closer to the point of attachment; Distal = farther from it.

What do Superficial and Deep mean?

Superficial = closer to the body surface; Deep = farther from the surface.

What do Ipsilateral and Contralateral mean?

Ipsilateral = on the same side; Contralateral = on opposite sides.

What are the body cavities and their major components?

Dorsal cavity (cranial and spinal); Ventral cavity (thoracic with pleura around lungs and pericardium around heart; abdominal and pelvic within the abdominopelvic cavity; diaphragm separates thoracic from abdominopelvic).

What are serous membranes and their two layers?

Double-layered serous membranes: Parietal (lining cavity) and Visceral (covering organs); separated by a cavity with lubricating fluid.

What are the abdominal regions and quadrants called?

Regions: epigastric, right/left hypochondriac, umbilical, right/left lateral (lumbar), hypogastric, right/left iliac. Quadrants: upper right, upper left, lower right, lower left.

Which abdominal quadrant is defined by the epigastric and hypochondriac regions?

Epigastric region is located above the left iliac region; the system uses relative regional mappings (epigastric is superior to left iliac).

Where does the diaphragm fit in body cavities?

The diaphragm separates the thoracic (ventral) cavity from the abdominopelvic (ventral) cavity.

What percent of structures typically match textbook descriptions, noting anatomical variability?

About 90%.

What does the anatomical position imply about left and right references?

Right and left refer to the body being viewed, not the observer.

How are oxygen and hemoglobin related in the context of blood oxygen transport?

Oxygen binds to hemoglobin in the lungs and is released to tissue cells as needed.

Name the organ systems primarily involved in transport and distribution of molecules.

Cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels).