Transcription, Translation & Mutations Quiz Review

Mutation

A permanent change that occurs in a cell's DNA.

2 Main Mutation Types

Gene & Chromosomal

Gene Mutation

A change in the sequence of the nucleotides in a gene

Point Mutation

gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed

Types of Point Mutations

substitution, insertion, deletion

Substitution

A point mutation in which one nucleotide is substituted with another.

Frameshift Mutation

The kind of gene mutation shifts the reading frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

Insertion

A kind of frameshift mutation in which one or more nucleotides are added to a gene

Deletion (Gene)

A kind of frameshift mutation in which a nucleotide is deleted.

Chromosomal Mutation

A change in the chromosome structure, resulting in new gene combinations.

Deletion (Chromosomal)

A type of chromosomal mutation in which all or part of a chromosome is lost.

Duplication

A type of chromosomal mutation in which a segment of the chromosome is copied and added again to the chromosome.

Inversion

A type of chromosomal mutation in which part of the chromosome becomes turned around in reverse of its usual direction.

Translocation

A type of chromosomal mutation in which part of the chromosome breaks off and attached to another, nonhomologous chromosome.

Nonsense Mutation

substitution of wrong nucleotide into DNA that produces an early stop codon

Missense Mutation

A base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.

Mutagens

Substances which cause mutations.

Nondisjunction

This occurs when a chromosome pair fails to separate properly during meiosis.

Polypoidy

condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes

DNA replication

The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself.

DNA Polymerase

Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule

mRNA

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

Transcription

(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA

tRNA

transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome.

Translation

decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain

Amino acid

Building blocks of protein

Protein

An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells