Nationalism

When did Herder come up with his ideas of the Volk?

1793-7

What was Herder’s ideas?

Collective cultural spirit based on language and culture

Volkstümlichkeit

Coined the notion of Volkleid

When did Sieyes come up with his ideas of the third estate?

1789

What was Sieyes notions of 3rd Estate?

The nation cannot be free unless th 3rd estate is free

When did JS Mill come up with his ideas on nationalism?

1861

What was JS Mill’s ideas on nationalism?

Nationalist comes from many things but largely a shared history

What is the premordialist view on nationalism?

Who were key thinkers on this and give their dates?

Nationalism is a phenomena that is fixed and rooted in deep culture

Muir (1917) - nationalism comes from possession of common tradition and memories of suffering

Who were key thinker on modernist/constructive nationalism, what were their thoughts and what were their theories?

Gellner (1983) - industrialism develops into nat as nat is a modern phenomena that developed through societal advancements (e.g edu)

Hobsbawm (1990) - nations do not make nationalism but rather the other way around

What particular part of opera does Lully develop in Fr?

Recitative - more fluid and melodic opposed to Italian

Who opera used Italian opera as satire sung by a character called ‘La Folie” (madness)?

Rameau’s Platee

Excessive trills used in florid and ornate aria

What was Louis XIV’s role in changing Fr operatic landscape?

Pioneer for fr grandeur → focus on power and glory and pining the monarch on a pedestal

What Opera By Lully was known as the King’s opera becuase it was Lully’s favourite?

How did the opera seek to praise the king?

Atys

Lully largely uses the prologue in his works to praise Louis XIV. In Atys the chorus sing of the “Hero” (Louis) and through this is is praising Louis heroic military prowess in a Franco-Dutch war at the time.

How did Jean de La Fontaine praise Louis XIV?

In his poems lauding Louis

How does French antagonism toward italy manifest in a glorification of the monarch?

a combinations of a distinct musical style largely pioneers by Lully and the grandeur and expense of these operasW

What other operas by Lully convey grandeur?

Cadmus et Hermione

Who says that the English language is inferior to the French making it harder to work into operas etc yet the english intelect is superior to the French?

Dryden in 1691

What opera was written by John Gay creating a distinct musical style for England?

Beggar’s Opera 1728

Using low level, everyday, English folk street music to satirise Italian music

Famously a parody of Italian opera

Critique on inaccessible Italian opera and furthers national character

What British composer has a huge discography including Rule Britania and was key to defining Br nat character?

Thomas Arne

What does English national music serve to do in contradistinction from Fr serving the monarch?

Serves the people, historicism, pastoralism and leads to a sense of a national canon (Rule Britannia)

What other examples of British historicism are there?

Harking back to Purcell, Corelli

Shakespeare

e.g Arne’s “the Fair Prince” - uses phenomenal reference from Zadok the Priest (Handel) and the fairy prince is a reference to Shakespeare

Why was there a rise of Oratorio?

Resistance to Italian opera and wide appeal of biblical stories

How does Handel portray different groups of people in his Opera Samson?

Philistines - exuberant dance music reminiscent of Italian music e.g ‘To Song and Dance’

Isrealites - Polyphonic church music much more somber ‘Hear, Jacob’s God’

What is the effect of Handels reference to Rule Britania in his Occasional Oratorio?

Sense of cultural identity, richness and unity

Handel becomes an … figure especially in regards to .. …

Imperial

Massed singing

Give two examples of audience participation in opera

Spontaneous and impromptu in Verdis Don Carlo 1969 (Parakilas)

By design in Paris in 1718 (Menier)

Benefits of audience participation

Collective spirit

Who made the commect that the chorus is central to an opera. Cutting the chorus would harm dramatic action and the chorus represent the people and the collectivity of opera. When?

Barouillet 1792

What does Herder say about state and class?

There is one class the ‘Volk’ with whom belongs the peasant and the king

What does Herder say on language?

language shapes thought and heart

When and what does J Parakilas say on the role of the chorus?

2003

Every grand opera is based on the divisions of the chorus e.g Samson (Oratorio), William Tell

The Chorus defines the political landscape

How is Couleur locale used in William Tell 1828?

Swiss local folk song for Shepards harmony with nature and contrast to hunters

Couleur locale gives sense of the power of the people

Discuss nationalism of Nabucco

Va Pensiero - unison sining nat sentiment, reception from audience perspective seems

Idea of collective struggle

Who wrote about the German Epoch of music always in the background in the name of absolute music?

Dalhaus 1989

What is a musical topic? How can it be used as Couleur locale?

Non-musical reference e.g canons, flutes as birds

Communicating meaning and nationalism without words

What does Hoeckner argue and when?

2002

Absolute music is essentially non-existent in western art music

What does Chua say and when?

1999

To write about absolute music is to write against it. It can only have a history when it is no longer absolute music

What backs up the lack of absolute music?

Rise of symphonic poems in 19th c

Give some examples of symphonic poems

Smetana Ma Vlast

Strauss Alpine Symphony

Balakirev in Bohemia

What was Glinka’s key piece that breaks from Ger formalism

Kamarinskaya

Who says that agrarianism is not favourable to nationalism as industrialism is?

Why?

Gellner 2006

Tumultuous society pulls together (esp in wc)

When did Said write Orientalism?

1978

Wha point does Said make about fictionalising orientalism?

Orientalism fictionalises the Orient as alien, as an ‘other’

What does RP Locke argue about musical exoticism? When?

2009

What makes music nat/exot is

1) phenomenal accent of nat/exot featur

2) context of performance e.g location of performance, reception

3)mixed/unmarked styles not purely nat or purley exot

Give an example of phenomenal accent in nat or exot

Rule Britania in Occasional Oratoria

Kamarinskaya isolating the slow bridal song at the start in a monophonic texture - Russian

Give and example of Locke’s theory of contextual reception playing into nat or exot

Chopin’s ‘Mazukaras’ may seem much more nat in Poland than in Fr evident in reception from Poles e.f Polski - enjoys its Poland with such detail vs Berlioz’s reception of it as strange and compelling

Who coined the term ‘auto-exoticism’? When?

What does it mean?

Parakilas 1998Exoticising oneself and ones own culture

How did Tango auto-exoticise itself?

1880s it was a folk dance from Buenos Aires

Became associated with criminal class in later 1890s

Became popular in Paris and England and further post-WWI → growing respect

Byt 1930s orchestral arrangements, slowing down, adding vocal duets

Gentrified e.g through Gardel

What did Eley and Suny say about nationalism? When?

1996

Eurocentrism and its exploitation in relation to colonialism and imperialism is the dark side of nationalism

Who do the Kuchka emerge in clear opposition to?

Westernising conterparts e.g Rubenstein Brothers (founded first Ru conservatoire)

Tchaikovsky - first cohort of this conservatoire

Who are the members of the Kuchka?

Cui, Borodin, Balakirev, Rimsky-Korsakov, Mussorgsky

When did Frolova Walker write Russian Music and Nationalism?

2007

When did Taruskin write his work on Music in the 19th century pertinent to Nationalisms?

2009

Who is Kireyevsky?

Founding figure of slavphile mvt - FW claims he worked tirelessly to turn Ru failings into successes

What folkd song became the became the essence of Ru nat?

Protyazhnaya - melancholic, allows gentry to sympathise with peasantry

How did Glinka use protyazhnaya in the Life of Tsar?

How was A Life for the Tsar recieved?

He composed original music in the style of Protyazhnaya with key characteristics of the style

Recieved largely with praise from his contemporaries

What piece of Glinka’s signifies a move away from protyazhnaya and from Ru melancholy?

Kamarinskaya using wedding folk dances instead as protyazhanaya was very much asociated with that of the gentry by this point

Who of the Kuchka collected folk music? In what way did he do this?

Balakirev - made a point to try to stick authentically to origins of the music e.g preserving Russian minor mode which had historically been dismissed in favour of Germanic harmonic minor

How was Balakirev’s folk song collections imperfect?

He couldn’t be as perfect as he intended, inreliable and susceptible to variation e.g collectors catering folk music for urban listeners

Who took a folk tune and edited it to make it sound more folky?

Who then put this adapted version of the folk song into a collection?

Mussorgsky in his opera ‘Khovanschina’ changing it to sound more pentatonic

Rimsky Korsakov

What example does Taruskin give that Orientalism wasn’t just a 19th c phenomenon?

How is the opera viewed today?

Mozarts Turkish Opera

Uses musical exoticism (as well as theatrical) to place to opera in an exotic context

Mimics sounds of Ottoman Janissary Bands

Viewed as problematic today due to racist stereotypes of Turkish people and other middle easter countries

How was the orient used in many operas?

As a right to portray immoral activity distant from the west e.g sexual transgressions, despotic violent, sacrifices (according to Taruskin 2009)

What does Taruskin argue about fictionalisation of the Orient?

Artistic representation and fiction will always override authenticity and reality

What two reasons to Taruskin give for why Russian might be more interested in the Orient then France?

1. Expansion into islamic trretory

2. To claim distinct russian style (Orientalism becoing one of the key 4 aspects of the Russian School)

How did the fr and ru approach to orientalism contrast?

Fr was to depict an ‘other’

Ru was to claim as its own and created distinct style

What theme in Borodin’s ‘Prince Igor’ is particularly oriental?

Snake Charmer Pipe theme in Polovtsian dances

• semi tonal

• islamic grace notes

How does Bizet’s Carmen play on exotic portrayals of women in western opera?

She is seen as the villain for using her sexuality to manipulate Don Jose and going against social norms and expectation

Historically Carmen has therefore been viewed as the villainous femme fatal despite Don Jose’s murder of her (although increasingly modern interpretations don’t hold up this idea)

What does Said say about orientalism and Occident power over it?

“orientalism is more particularly valuable as a sign of European-Atlantic power over that orient than it is a veridic discourse about the orient”