spain mock

why did ferdinand and isabella sponsor columbus

to spread christianity, gain international status, bring spain riches and prosperity to its merchants

why did ferdinand and isabella decline the first sponsorship request

spain was not yet a completely christian state, isabella was yet to force all the muslims and jews out of spain. however once she did this she could focus on expanding christianity to outside their borders

benefits of royal sponsorship

royal decree was issued so the spanish port of palos had to provide columbus with everything he needed

problems aboard the first voyage

portugese rivalry, possible mutiny, sailors fears, quarrels about the route

how did columbus solve the problems aboard the first voyage

made slight adjustments to the route to avoid the portugese, kept a public journal with a shorter distance than they had actually travelled to calm the sailors, promised a silk coat to the first person who sighted land

where did columbus first land

island of san salvador

natives on sal salvador

columbus noticed they were wearing gold jewellery and was told gold was to be found futher south

why did the pinta leave

the pinta slipped away from the fleet as the captain pinzon wanted to look for gold on his own

effect of the santa maria shipwreck

only the nina was left and not all the men could fit on it to be brought back to spain, so they used the timbers of santa maria to build la navidad in haiti, where 39 men stayed to collect gold and wait for the next expedition to arrive

the tainos

peaceful native group, believed the spaniards were men from the sky whos arrival fufilled the prophecies of their elders

the caribs

aggressive native group, possibly cannibals who often raided the tainos to steal women and girls

incident at samana

on the way back to spain, the nina was forced to anchor at samana in haiti and the natives attacked the spaniards, this showed that the natives were prepared to attack the spaniards and columbus decided that they would have to learn to fear the spanish

columbus returns to spain

landed in portugal first, was treated as a hero, ferdinand and isabella encouraged him to plan another voyage

treaty of tordesillas

an imaginary line was drawn from the north to the south pole, all land east of the line with the exception of the canary islands would be portugese, and the west would be spains

second expedition by columbus

second expedition reached la navidad but found it burnt to the ground as the spanish had started stealing the women and hunting for gold

city of isabela

built after destruction of la navidad however never prospered because of the location

why was santo domingo built

bartholomew started building a new settlement on the south coast of haiti where the land was more fertile and there was more fruit trees and fish in the sea

columbus return to santo domingo

finds it in uproar as the tainos were fed up of the spaniards constant demands for food and women and the spanish were on the verge of revolt

how did columbus fix santo domingo

pardoned the spanish rebels and gave them each a parcel of land, provided native labourers to work the land

effects of santo domingo

rebellions began to constantly break out and Columbus struggled to keep order so the king and queen let him keep his titles but stopped him from ever working with the indies again

gold mines in haiti

bobadilla’s first action was to develop gold mining in the centre of haiti and in 1519 alone 300kg of gold was found

columbus and slavery

as he had not found much gold, columbus tried to compensate by sending slaves back to spain and masterminded series of armed expeditions to kidnap natives

ovando

succeeds bobadilla in 1502 and becomes governor of the indies

encomienda system

each spanish encomiendo would be assigned a number of natives who would provide tribute in the form of goods or labour, in return the spaniard would provide protection and teach about christianity and spanish language

smallpox

brought over by the spaniards, the natives had no defence against the disease and many died

spanish regulation on further exploration 1495

ferdinand and isabella issued a decree which imposed strict conditions on anyone going to the new world in april 1495

decree on exploration of april 1495

every ship sailing for the caribbean had to leave from spanish port of cadiz and registered with the authorities there, two thirds of any gold found had to go to the spanish crown, one tenth of cargo carried by ships sailing to the new world had to be spanish

casa de contratacion

set up in 1503 in seville to ensure spain had control over trade in the new world

work of casa de contratacion

collect all taxes levied in the indies and on goods entering spain, licence captains and approve of voyages, collect information on trade routes and discoveries

effect of hurricane at santo domingo

destroyed most of the town in 1502 so ovando took the chance to rebuild it into the capital of haiti and centre of spanish administration

how did ovando rebuild santo domingo

spanish courts set up, wide roads with surrounding stone buildings which would house administrative offices, a hospital and governors house and cathedral were built

role of catholic missionaries

were to preach and help convert/baptise the indians

rules for the education of indians purpose

issued by ferdinand and isabella in 1503 to convert them to a civilised christian life

rules for the education of indians entrailed

were to live in towns under a spanish protector and pay taxes, would be taught about christianity and baptised, taught how to read and write and dress decently

laws of burgos

introduced in december 1512 and upheld the encomienda system, called for spanish officials to be established in every town and punish any indian who broke the laws, laid down regulations regarding indians and insisted they were treated kindly, laid down detailed instructions as to how to convert the indians to christianity

conquistadors

armed adventurers who went to the new world off their own backs looking for gold, glory and power

how was darien founded

balboa rescues a spanish expedition in 1509 by driving the natives out of the neighbouring indian village of darien

success of dairen

balboa made the spaniards build houses and plant crops, dominated the natives with both force and friendship, collected vast quantities of food and gold from the natives

balboa treatment of natives

as he was captain general and governor of darien, balboa could do what he wanted when invading and conquering in the name of spain so he tortured the natives

balboa achievments

founds first permanent settlement on mainland america, confirmed by ferdinand to be captain general and governor of darien, makes first sighting of pacific ocean by a european and claims it for spain, shows how profitable exploration is

balboa downfall

arrested for treason and beheaded as pedrarias thought he would not allow him to take over, replaced by pedrarias

panama

settlement pedrarias and espinosa set up upon their meeting

panama significance

the route between panama and nombre de dios was the quickest way of moving ships between the pacific ocean and carribean sea, the land was fertile and the sea had lots of fish, it was also a port

downfall of darien

most of the inhabitants were moved to panama by 1522, those remaining were massacred by the natives and the buildings set on fire

pattern of conquistadors conquest

desire for gold and treasure, exploration, exploitation of natives, claiming land for spain

cuban resistance by natives 1511

hatuey flees to cuba with 400 natives to escape spanish cruelty and warn natives of it, velazquez persues with 300 conquistadors and burnes hatuey alive

hatuey

a native chief living in haiti

conquest of cuba strategy

approach a village, persuade the natives to supply the spanish with food and negotiate with them to hand over half their village

massacre at coanao 1513

a native denied the spanish entry to the largest house and as a result the spaniards began killing the natives

settlement of cuba

built 5 large towns, cuban natives forced to work as slaves as well as in the gold mines, fields, house servants and as soldiers on expeditions to mainland america

magellan

set out under the order of king charles to find a route to the spice islands

magellan achievments

circumnavigated the world between 1519 and 1522 and claimed the philipines for spain, brought prestige to spain and found route to spice islands which spain could claim

why did cortes sail to mainland america in february 1519

reports of cities on the mainland and being able to communicate with the native mayans, explorers returned with gold, cortes wanted to extend his power and influence

velazquez initial instructions for cortes

to establish relations with the tribes living along the coast, he was not authorised to conquer or even settle on the mainland

velazquez initial worries about cortes

velazquez realised that cortes could disobey his orders and establish himself as an independent governor of the mainland

cortes situation in september 1519

he was leading a small company which could easily be wiped out with no way to resupply their ammunition, he had sunk the ships so there was no escape

why did cortes sink the ships

it signified his commitment to exploring and conquering mexico, he did it after some soldiers still loyal to velazquez tried to steal a ship and escape

massacre at cholula in october 1519

the tlaxcalans warn cortes that they had walked into a trap and malinche warns that the cholulans are planning to murder the spanish in their sleep, cortes meets the cholulan leaders who admit that montezuma had ordered them to resist the spanish, cortes orders the troops to enter the city and the massacre begins

effect of massacre at cholula

it was a holy city and the destruction of it showed that the spanish were strong and a force to be reckoned with

spanish welcomed into tenochtitlan result

the spaniards were treated like roylaty when they entered the city, however they felt outnumbered and isolated after 8 days in the city so seized montezuma and forced him to act as a puppet ruler and said anyone who opposed them would be killed

result of spanish landing at vera cruz

cortes left to fight velazquez and the 1000 spaniards who landed at vera cruz and left alvarado in charge, alvarado was afraid that the natives would attack the remaining spanish and ordered the massacre of aztec nobles, many of the surviving spanish originally loyal to velazquez changed signs and joined cortes giving him a bigger army and more weapons

result of the massacre of aztec nobles

the natives began killing the spaniards and when montezuma appealed for peace he was killed, the spanish tried to slip away but were caught and many were killed

after math of the night of tears

cortes and the survivors regrouped with the tlaxcalan and made alliances with other native tribes around lake texoco

siege of tenochtitlan

the spanish took control of lake texcoco and fought their way to tenochtitlan, once inside they found thousands dead from starvation and disease but killed any aztecs they found until the city surrendered to cortes in august 1521

ways cortes strengthened spanish control

continued killing aztecs and native who supported them, took tribute from remaining chiefs, tenochtitlan was rebuilt destroying any traces of the aztec religion, set up the encomienda system, agriculture and industry was developed, encouraged exploration and establishment of new communties

why was cortes removed as governor in 1528

rumours of his greed and of him keeping gold for himself reached the spanish court and royal officials began pressing him to explain where the mexican gold is, the king wanted to control him and they did not trust him to carry out orders

pizarro first expedition

failed, didnt bring enough men and only got a short way below the isthmus of panama and did not find any treasure

pizarro second expedition changes from first

brought many more men - 2 ships and 180 men

why did pizarro not want to return to panama

the new governor would not authorise any further support for pizarro apart from rescuing him

first hints towards the inca civilisation

ruiz intercepted a large native craft carrying treasure which was on the way to trade with other natives,

pizarro caught glimpses inland of stone buildings decorated with intricate carvings

why did ruiz want to return to panama

to get more supplies, the men were becoming mutinous

how did pizarro get support for a third expedition

went to king charles with his findings of treasure and was granted a licence to discover and conquer peru

why did pizarro return to panama

he went onwards into peru and was welcomed by natives and heard reports of a powerful monarch who ruled over the land, if they had stronger forces they could conquer this land and have the riches for themselves

effects of huayna capacs death

died of smallpox, left the north of his empire to his son Athuallpa and the south to A’s half brother Huascar

how did civil war break out

huascar arrested atahullpa so he could take over his lands, atahullpa escapes with the help of his wife and gains the support of Huaynas best generals, Athaullpa put together an army and marches against his brother

how did the civil war end

atahullpa defeats huascar and his forces at the battle of chimborazo, then the battle of quinpan adn ultimately huascar is captured and killed giving atahullpa full control of the inca empire

how could pizarro exploit the civil war

when he came across Tumbes he found it in ruin, however when he came on his previous expedition it was a thriving town and then was informed of the war. he thought a divided society was much easier to conquer than a united one

how did the spaniards and atahuallpa cross paths

pizarro learnt that atahuallpa was heading to cuzco and intended to catch up to him. when they arrived at the town of cajamarca they could see the camp of the inca army and knew they had caught up

what happened when atahuallpa invited the spaniards to meet him

they were to meet in cajamarcas great square but pizarro and his men got there early and hid themselves behind the pillars surrounding the square. pizarro send a friar to meet with the inca but when he was presented with a holy christian book the inca threw it onto the ground. the spaniards emerged and began killing the incas and took atahuallpa prisoner

murder of atahuallpa

a made an offer that if he filled his prison room with gold the spanish would let him go, however instead of letting him go when the room was full, pizarro acused a of plotting against him and sentenced him to death

new ruler after atahuallpa

manco, a younger son of huayna, was made ruler of the empire by pizarro and many incas thought their way of life would go on as normal, however pizarro regarded manco as a puppet ruler

why did the incas revolt

the spaniards looting of sacred temples, the murder of inca generals and leaders, the casual raping of inca women, the disrespect and insults directed at the inca nobles

the inca attack on cuzco

manco escaped from cuzco and gathered his forces, they then attacked cuzco with tens of thousands of inca warriors. they cut of the water supply and set fire to anything they could before returning to their fortress overlooking cuzco

spaniards retaliation to the inca revolt

they tortured the incas supplying the warriors but the warriors hurled spears, arrows and rocks down on cuzco and pizarro realised that taking down the fortress was the only way he could win

the taking down of the inca fortress

the two sides fought for several days and eventually the fortress fell due to the spaniards advantage of european weapons. the inca warriors were still besieging the city for several months before almagro returned from exploring chile and defeated the inca forces

result of the conquest on the inca people

millions of incas died from european diseases and thousands died in warfare, incas forced to accept being governed by spain, inca temples raided for gold and religious leaders killed to destroy their customs, inca leaders killed destroying their society

columbus sponsorship accepted by ferdinand and isabella date

1491

columbus first expedition date

august 1492

land sighted for first time date

october 1492

pinta abandons fleet date

november 1492

santa maria shipwreck date

december 1492

columbus returns to spain date

march 1493

treaty of tordesillas date

june 1494

second expedition reaches la navidad date

november 1493

columbus returns to spain again and leaves bartholomew in charge date

1496

columbus returns to find haiti in uproar date

1498

bobadilla arrives to take over from columbus and sends him back to spain in chains date

september 1500

decree on regulation of futher exploration issued date

april 1495

ovando becomes governor of the indies date

1502

casa de contratacion set up and rules for the education of indians issued date

1503