Stoichiometry

Stoichiometric ratios

The proportional relationships between reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation.

Mole-mole conversion steps

1. Write a balanced chemical equation; 2) Use the mole ratio.

Gram-gram conversion steps

1. Write a balanced chemical equation; 2) Convert to moles using molar mass; 3) Use the mole ratio; 4) Convert to grams using molar mass.

Gas Stoichiometry

1 mole = 22.4 L of gas at Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP).

Ideal Gas Law

PV=nRT, where P is pressure (atm), V is volume (L), n is moles, R is gas constant, and T is temperature (Kelvin).

Percent Yield

A measure of how efficient the reaction is, calculated as (actual yield/theoretical yield) * 100%.

Actual yield

The amount of product you actually obtained from the reaction.

Theoretical yield

The amount of product you should have obtained based on stoichiometry.

Limiting reactant

The reactant that limits the amount of product that can be formed in a chemical reaction.

Empirical Formula

A simplified formula that shows the ratios of atoms in a compound.

Molecular Formula

The formula that specifies the actual number of atoms of each element in one molecule of a substance.

Significant figures

Digits in a number that contribute to its precision: all non-zero numbers are significant, leading zeros are not, and sandwich zeros are significant.

Trailing zeros

Trailing zeros to the right of the decimal point are significant; trailing zeros to the left of the decimal point are not significant.