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Unit 4 Cummulative
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1
Actor/Observer Effect
The tendency to attribute one’s own behavior to external factors while attributing others' behaviors to internal factors.
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Attribution Theory
A theory that explains how individuals interpret events and how this relates to their thinking and behavior.
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3
Dispositional Attribution
Explaining behavior based on internal factors, such as personality or character.
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4
Downward Social Comparison
Comparing oneself to others who are perceived as worse off to feel better about oneself.
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5
Explanatory Style
A habitual way of explaining events, either in a positive (optimistic) or negative (pessimistic) light.
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6
External Locus of Control
The belief that outside forces are responsible for the events in one’s life.
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7
Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency to overestimate the impact of personal disposition and underestimate situational influences when explaining others' behavior.
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8
Internal Locus of Control
The belief that one controls their own fate through their actions.
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9
Mere Exposure Effect
The phenomenon where repeated exposure to a stimulus increases an individual's liking for it.
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10
Optimistic Explanatory Style
A tendency to attribute negative events to external, temporary causes, and positive events to internal, permanent causes.
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11
Pessimistic Explanatory Style
A tendency to attribute negative events to internal, stable causes, and positive events to external, temporary causes.
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12
Relative Deprivation
The perception that one is worse off compared to others, leading to feelings of discontent.
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13
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
When an individual’s expectations lead to behaviors that cause those expectations to come true.
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14
Self-Serving Bias
The tendency to attribute positive events to one’s own character and negative events to external factors.
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15
Situational Attribution
Explaining behavior by considering external factors, rather than internal traits.
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16
Social Comparison
The process of evaluating oneself in relation to others.
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17
Upward Social Comparison
Comparing oneself to others who are perceived to be better off, often leading to motivation.
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18
Belief Perseverance
The tendency to cling to one’s initial beliefs, even when presented with contradictory evidence.
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19
Cognitive Dissonance
The mental discomfort that arises when a person’s beliefs or behaviors are inconsistent.
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20
Cognitive Load
The amount of mental effort being used in working memory.
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21
Confirmation Bias
The tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information that confirms one’s beliefs.
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22
Discrimination
Unjust treatment of different categories of people based on characteristics.
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23
Ethnocentrism
The belief that one's own culture is superior to others.
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24
Implicit Attitudes
Attitudes or biases that are not consciously recognized but influence behavior.
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25
Ingroup
A group to which an individual feels they belong.
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26
Ingroup Bias
The tendency to favor individuals within one's own group.
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27
Just-World Phenomenon
The belief that people get what they deserve.
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28
Outgroup
A group to which an individual does not belong.
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29
Outgroup Homogeneity Bias
The tendency to perceive members of an outgroup as more similar than they are.
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Prejudice
Preconceived negative judgments toward individuals based on group membership.
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Stereotype
A generalized belief or assumption about a group.
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Altruism
Selfless concern for the well-being of others.
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Attentional Variables
Factors that influence the focus of one’s attention.
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34
Burnout
Emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion caused by excessive stress.
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35
Bystander Effect
The phenomenon where people are less likely to help in an emergency when others are present.
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Central Route of Persuasion
Persuasion based on logic and evidence.
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37
Collectivism
A cultural value emphasizing group goals over individual desires.
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38
Conformity
Adjusting one’s behavior to align with group norms.
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39
Deindividuation
The loss of self-awareness in group situations.
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40
Diffusion of Responsibility
The tendency to feel less personal responsibility in a group.
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41
Door-in-the-Face Technique
A persuasion strategy where a large request is followed by a smaller one.
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Elaboration Likelihood Model
A theory explaining how attitudes are formed and changed.
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False Consensus Effect
The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share one's beliefs.
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44
Foot-in-the-Door Technique
A persuasion strategy where a small request is followed by a larger one.
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45
Group Polarization
The tendency for group discussion to intensify members' preexisting views.
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46
Groupthink
The suppression of dissenting opinions in favor of consensus.
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47
Halo Effect
The tendency for an overall impression of a person to influence perceptions of their traits.
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48
Individualism
A cultural value emphasizing personal goals and autonomy.
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49
Industrial-Organization (I/O) Psychology
The study of behavior in work settings.
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50
Informational Social Influence
Conformity based on the desire to be correct.
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Multiculturalism
A perspective that recognizes and values cultural diversity.
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Normative Social Influence
Conformity driven by the desire for approval.
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Obedience
Compliance with commands from an authority figure.
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Peripheral Route of Persuasion
Persuasion based on superficial cues.
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55
Persuasion
The process of influencing someone’s attitudes or behaviors.
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56
Prosocial Behavior
Behavior that benefits others or society.
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57
Situational Variables
External factors influencing behavior.
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58
Social Debt
A feeling of obligation to return a favor received.
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59
Social Facilitation
Improved performance of tasks in the presence of others.
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60
Social Influence Theory
The theory that behaviors can be influenced by others.
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61
Social Loafing
The tendency to put in less effort when working in a group.
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Social Norms
Expected behaviors that guide behavior in groups.
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Social Reciprocity Norm
The expectation to return favors.
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64
Social Responsibility Norm
The expectation to help those dependent on us.
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65
Social Traps
Situations where self-interest leads to negative outcomes for everyone.
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Superordinate Goals
Goals that require cooperation between groups.
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67
Defense Mechanisms
Psychological strategies used to cope with anxiety.
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Denial
A defense mechanism where reality is refused.
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Displacement
Redirecting emotions to a less threatening object.
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70
Ego
The part of personality that deals with reality.
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Humanistic Theory
A perspective emphasizing human growth and self-actualization.
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Personality
Characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
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Preconscious
Thoughts and memories not currently in conscious awareness.
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Projection
Attributing one’s own unacceptable feelings to others.
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Projective Tests
Tests revealing underlying thoughts through responses to ambiguous stimuli.
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Psychodynamic Theory
A theory emphasizing the influence of the unconscious mind.
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Rationalization
Justifying unacceptable behavior with excuses.
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Reaction Formation
Behaving in opposition to one's true feelings.
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Regression
Reverting to an earlier stage of development in response to stress.
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80
Repression
Pushing painful thoughts into the unconscious.
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Self-Actualization
The fulfillment of one's talents and potential.
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Sublimation
Transforming unacceptable impulses into acceptable actions.
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83
Unconditional Regard
Acceptance regardless of behavior.
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84
Unconscious
The part of the mind that contains repressed thoughts.
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85
Unconscious Processes
Mental processes influencing behavior below conscious awareness.
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86
Agreeableness
A personality trait characterized by kindness and cooperation.
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87
Big Five Theory
A model of personality including five key dimensions.
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Conscientiousness
A personality trait characterized by organization and dependability.
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Emotional Stability
The ability to remain calm in stress.
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90
Extraversion
A personality trait characterized by sociability.
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91
Factor Analysis
A statistical method identifying clusters of related traits.
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92
Openness to Experience
A personality trait characterized by curiosity and creativity.
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93
Neuroticism
A personality trait characterized by emotional instability.
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94
Reciprocal Determinism
The theory that personality is shaped by behavior, environment, and cognition.
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95
Self-Concept
The understanding of oneself based on thoughts and feelings.
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96
Self-Efficacy
The belief in one's ability to succeed.
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97
Self-Esteem
The evaluation of one’s worth.
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98
Social-Cognitive Theory
A theory emphasizing cognition and environment in shaping behavior.
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Trait Theory
The approach that focuses on identifying individual personality traits.
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100
Approach-Approach Conflicts
A conflict where one must choose between two desirable options.
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