AP Gov Panic

All of my gov politics notes, court cases, founding docs, and random terms :) You got this!!

1st amendment

freedom of speech, press, petition, peaceable assembly, religion

2nd amendment

right to bear arms

3rd amendment

no quartering troops in times of peace

4th amendment

no unreasonable search of seizure (right to privacy)

5th amendment

due process: no self incrimination/ no double jeopardy

6th amendment

due process: speedy trial and council (attorney)

7th amendment

trial by jury in civil cases

8th amendment

no cruel and unusual punishment

9th amendment

people’s rights (if not denied/ you have it)

10th amendment

state’s rights (if powers aren’t given to fed of denied from states it goes to states)

11th amendment

suit concerning states

12th amendment

president and vice president are elected on separate ballots (running mate)

13th amendment

abolished slavery/involuntary servitude

14th amendment

right of citizens

15th amendment

universal black male suffrage

16th amendment

income tax

17th amendment

direct election of Senators

18th amendment

prohibition

19th amendment

women’s suffrage

20th amendment

changes presidential inauguration date (March 4 to January 20)

21st amendment

repealed prohibition

22nd amendment

president 2 terms only (or ten years)

23rd amendment

DC representation for presidential elections

24th amendment

no poll taxes

25th amendment

temporary president and line of succession

26th amendment

voting age is 18

27th amendment

congressional compensations

McCulloch v Maryland (1819)

Federalism, State can't sue a bank of the US

US v Lopez (1995

Federalism; Gun Free School Zone's Act regulating interstate commerce

Engle v Vitale

1st amendment establishment clause; prayer in schools (“It is vital to evangelicals to pray“)

Wisconsin v Yoder (1972)

1st amendment free exercise clause; Amish family (“Yo dare make me go to school“)

Tinker v Des Moines (1969)

1st amendment freedom of speech/expression; Vietnam War bands (“High schoolers tinkering in war“)

New York Times v US (1971)

1st amendment freedom of press; Pentagon Papers

Schenck v US (1919)

1st amendment freedom of speech; Espionage Act; draft dodger pamphlet (“Schneck was shirking the draft“)

Gideon v Wainwright (1993)

Selective incorporation 6th amendment right to council; must receive right to council (“Gideon has the Wainwright to council“)

Roe v Wade (1973)

selective incorporation right to privacy (4th amendment), right to abortion

McDonald v Chicago (2010)

Selective incorporation; 2nd amendment; cities can’t ban guns (“Old McDonald had a gun“)

Brown v Board of Education (1954)

14th amendment Equal Rights & Protections; “Separate but equal“ is not equal

Citizen’s United vs Federal Election Commission (2010)

Campaign Finance; Hilary: The Movie; Corporations are people too; 1st amendment Free Speech

Baker v Carr (1961)

One person one vote - Tennessee; Legislative Reapportionment (“Baker seems rural and carrs are in the city“)

Shaw v Reno (1993)

Racial gerrymandering; minority districts; 14th amendment (“Reno and racial“)

Marbury v Madison (1803)

Judicial Review

state

political unit with the power to make and enforce laws over a group of people in a clearly defined territory

Four Features of a State

Government, Territory/land, Population, Sovereignty (supreme power to act within its territory)

Three Systems of Gov

Unitary, Confederal, Federal

Unitary System of Gov

Power goes down (UK)

Confederal System of Gov

Power goes up (AOC)

Federal System of Gov

Power goes both ways (US)

Types of Gov

Autocracy, Monarchy, Oligarchy, Democracy, Republic

Philosophers

Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu

Thomas Hobbes

Wrote Leviathan; people are selfish, without gov--\>chaos, give up some rights for order (executive branch)

John Locke

Wrote Two Treaties of Gov; natural/God-given rights, gov exists to protect rights

Jean-Jacques Russoeau

Social contract, people are obligated to fix gov

Montesquieu

Wrote Spirit of Laws; 3 sections for checks and balances

Three Principles of DOI

Equality, Natural rights, Consent of the governed

Federalists

John Jay, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton

Different Types of Democracy

Participatory, pluralist, elite

Participatory Democracy

Direct democracy; everyone votes on everything, majority rules

Pluralist Democracy

interest groups; single issues per group (usually) ex. party system, NAACP

Elite Democracy

Representatives are chosen to act as trustees

AOC couldn't:

Tax, have standing army, have an executive branch, have national court system

Constitutional Convention

Philadelphia, 55 delegates, 12/13 states (No Rhode Island)

Plans

Virginia (Big states), New Jersey (Small states), Connecticut (Great)(Roger Sherman)

Two types of monarchy

Straight and Constitutional

Father of the Constitution

James Madison

Virginia (Big State) Plan

3 branches, bicameral legislation (Senate and House of Representatives), based on population

New Jersey (Small State) Plan

unicameral, equal representation

Great/Connecticut Compromise (Roger Sherman)

3 branches, bicameral legislation (House of Representative based on population and Senate equal)

When was the Constitution signed?

Sept 17,1787

Constitution ratification

9/13 states; 1789

Number of people in House of Representative

435

DOI Arguments

All men are, by nature, equally free and independent - Virginia Dec of Rights

Human beings are no naturally subordinate to each other - Hobbs

Equality is not a product of law or social construction

We have individual natural rights (life, liberty, pur of happiness, property, religion)

To secure rights, gov is instituted among men

Gov must have a criminal law to punish those who hurt others natural rights

To keep consent secure, separation of power, federalism, and BOR

federalism

sharing of power between state and federal/national government; not balanced, shared

Article I

Legislative Branch

Article II

Executive Branch

Article III

Judicial Branch

Article 4

Relations among the states (Full Faith and Credit Clause):

States will comply with other states laws (some registrations travel through states (marriage and drivers))

Article 5

Amendment Process: (2/3 cote of both houses to propose, then ratified through 3/4 of state legislature)

Article 6

National Supremacy

Article VII (7)

Ratification

Enumerated/Expressed Powers

Federal powers

Reserved Powers

State powers

Concurrent Powers

powers both share (tax)

Fiscal Federalism/Revenue sharing

Federal government using money (grants) to influence & control states

Grants-in-Aid Programs

How federal gov gives money for specific use

Categorical Grant

Type of federal grants-in-aid; made for some specific, closely defined, purpose (power to federal gov)

Block Grants

Federal grants-in-aid that allow states considerable discretion in how the funds are spent (power to state gov)

"Conditions of aid"

Fed gov supplies money with conditions; carrot and stick approach

Devolution

Returning of power from fed gov to state gov - more block grants

Types of Federalism

Dual federalism, cooperative federalism, new federalism (kinda)

Dual/Layer-cake Federalism

Distinct lines/differences between fed powers and state powers; limited government; founding → New Deal

Cooperative/Marble-cake Federalism

Mingling of responsibilities between the state and national government; Shared powers; indistinct

New Federalism

Basically just Dual Federalism (Ronald Reagan)

Extradition

States must deliver captured fugitive criminals back to state of original crime

priviledges and immunities clause

Article 4, Sec 2, clause 1 - Prevents a state from treating citizens from other states in a discriminatory manner

Commerce Clause

The clause in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8) allows Congress to "regulate commerce with other nations" and between states

Selective Exclusiveness

Idea that Congress can regulate only when the commodity requires national reform

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819, Marshall)

the Supreme Court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank using the Constitution's supremacy clause. The Court's broad interpretation of the necessary and proper clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers

U.S. v. Lopez (1995, Rehnquist)

Congress passes a gun free zone act for schools. Makes it a crime to carry guns within 1000 ft. of a school. Lopez convicted of carrying a gun within 1000 feet and the court rules that acting like doing this is a direct affect on commerce is absolutely a stretch. Therefore, the law is unconstitutional

Clean Water Act (1972)

regulates discharge of pollutants into water