HOUSING PRELIMS

PRE-HISTORIC SETTLEMENTS

Temporary, encampments

4000 B.C. BRONZE AGE

Agriculture; defensive building works; dominance of rectilinear forms

Square measure

division of land into separately owned plots of known area is most easily achieved using ____, an early discovery in geometry, derives from surveying

right angles

Introduction of ______ is sometimes held to be a consequence of the use of bricks, a standardized, prefabricated and mass produced substitute for the stone not readily available in alluvial valleys

2000 B.C. IRON AGE

advances in science and technology, esp. hydraulics, warfare and navigation

Kahun, Egypt

worker's settlement was built, a WALLED COMPOUND rigidly rectilinear in its layout

Code of Hammurabi

The earliest building codes, specifying structural integrity in housing construction are found

Greek and Roman

City planning activities during the ________ empires centered almost exclusively on the appropriate placement of urban housing from the perspectives of defense and water supply

Greeks

achieved stable political unity until the Romans came; depended on maritime navigation

Romans

was to plant new outposts of civilization, often peopled by discharged soldiers, linked physically and politically with their metro. Efficient agriculture made possible the founding of some towns inland, no longer tied to navigation

Voussoir Arch

since timber and stone beams are not everywhere available, the Romans made use of the ______ which employs small stone or brick to bridge a stream or roof of a public building.

Middle Ages

towns were founded by a deliberate act to settle discharged soldiers, to police a province, or to develop agriculturally unproductive land, they owed much to classical precedent, such as the Bastides

Medieval village

With local agriculture as its basis, the developed initially with mutual protection as a dominating condition

In the 13th century Europe

The city became a center of trade, and its walls provided a safe haven from nomadic warriors and looters. People could find shelter for themselves and their flocks, herds, and harvests while the open country was being overrun by enemies of superior force. Demand for urban housing increased.

Market town

with its nucleus of castle, cathedral or abbey church

Merchant City

based on a port or navigable waterway

Planted town or colony

built to settle virgin land or to police a province

Typical medieval town

Irregular form in which buildings and open spaces adapt themselves to terrain, chosen and exploited to assist defense, to provide shelter, to ease ascent and to promote natural drainage. An outstanding example of organic design which adapts and utilizes the given circumstances of materials and site, rather than imposing ruthlessly upon them the orderliness of the right angle and processional way.

radial-concentric plan

the Middle Ages that some authorities ascribe the first use of the ________ still typical of many European cities. The converging routes and the later roads marking the lines of successive city walls together may produce a plan resembling a spider's web.

Enclosing defensive wall

contrived to exploit natural advantages such as water courses and commanding slopes

After 14th Century

development of capitalist society and its characteristic urban forms can be traced from this time.

Industrial Revolution in England

royal court

The rise of centralized monarchies and of transatlantic trade tended to concentrate growth around the ______ as the seat of government, or the port as the focus of trade.

17th Century Baroque

The formal place was carefully proportioned with a unified façade "building up" to a dominating climax of palace, church or civic building; the palace or cathedral was set at the focus of radiating routes; the street itself was disciplined to provide unified facades flanking a grand processional route; the whole plan of a town became a network composed as a disciplined whole, in which important focal points (market, cathedral, palace, stock exchange, fortress, bridge) would stand as nodes in an open space system embracing avenues, crescents, circuses and squares.

Washington

Designed under the supervision of Jefferson by the French architect and military engineer (l'Enfant") where the imposition of Baroque pattern of radiating avenues on a gridiron plan attempts to combine the advantages of rational subdivision with the focal point, the vista, and the rapid cross-town route.

Industrial Revolution

By the 19th century, with the ______, people were moving to cities in unprecedented numbers. Workers lived in sheds, railroad yards, and factory cellars, typically without sanitation facilities and water supply.

Laborers' Dwelling Acts

In the late 19th century, Britain embarked on public housing development. _________ authorizing local governments to construct public housing were enacted as early as the mid-19th century. Urban renewal demolition activities were empowered during the same period. Massive public housing programs were started after each of the world wars.

post industrial society

In the ____ of the 20th century, housing in developing nations and poor parts of developed countries continues to be of insufficient quality and does not meet the demand of some parts of the population. Vacant, abandoned centralcity housing exists alongside structures that are usable but overcrowded and buildings that are structurally reclaimable but are functionally obsolete.

1/3

By the 1970s, approximately ____ of Britain's housing was publicly subsidized, compared with only 1-2% in the United States.

Western European nations

Housing policies in other _____ are similar to those in Britain. They provide low-or no interest housing loans. The development of new towns is also encouraged or subsidized.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

Housing in the ________ and in Eastern European nations was almost exclusively characterized by government regulations and provision. These countries pioneered the production and installation of massive prefabricated housing units in urban areas.

USSR

The ____ was also a pioneer in developing new towns, which were frequently located around massive industrial or power-generating facilities.

"sites and services"

Families were given plots of land and building materials to construct or improve their own shelter. This housing approach is commonly referred to as ____ programs; so far it has been implemented on a large scale in India and many South American countries.

Neighborhood

a geographic area within which residents conveniently share the common services and facilities needed in the vicinity of their dwellings. Often set by physical boundaries.

center

(Principles of an Ideal neighborhood) The neighborhood has a _____ and an edge. The ____ is a necessity. It is always a public space, which may be a square, a green or an important street intersection.

focus

(Principles of an Ideal neighborhood) Combination of ___ and a limit contribute to the social identity of the community

Edges

(Principles of an Ideal neighborhood)

_____may vary in character:

o Can be natural, such as forests, or manmade, such as infrastructure

o May also be assigned to very low density residential use with lots of at least 10 acres

o In cities and towns, edges can be formed by the systematic accretion between the neighborhoods of recreational open spaces, such as parks, schoolyards and golf courses

quarter mile

The optimal size of a neighborhood is a ________ from center to edge. This distance is equivalent of a 5-min, walk at an easy pace.

transit-oriented

Pedestrian-friendly and ______ neighborhood permits a region of cities, towns and villages to be accessible without singular reliance on automobile.

The New Urbanism

live, work, and play concept in cities by Peter Katz

The District

an urbanized area that is functionally specialized

The Corridor

at once the connector and the separator of neighborhoods and districts

The Street

Streets are not the dividing lines within the city, but communal rooms and passages.

Pattern

A single given street is always to be part of a street network. Connectedness and continuity of movement within such a network within encourage the mixing of uses in the city.

Hierarchy

There is to exist a variety of streets based on their pedestrian and vehicular loads. Under no circumstances will a street be abandoned solely to vehicular traffic.

Figure

The architectural character of streets is to be based on their configuration in plan and section. Building heights are to be proportionally related to right-of-way widths. The number of traffic lanes will balance vehicle flow and pedestrian crossing considerations.

Detail

The design of streets shall favor their proper use by pedestrians. The governing principles are: minimized block radii to slow cars at intersections, allowing easy crossing by pedestrians; landscaped medians to reduce apparent street widths; two-way streets that improve pedestrian crossing safety; properly designed curbs and sidewalks at intersections that accommodate the impaired.

street parking

_____ protects pedestrians from the actual perceived danger of moving traffic.

The Block

The field on which unfolds both the building fabric and the public realm of the city. A versatile, ancient instrument, the traditional _____ allows a mutually beneficial relationship between people and vehicles in urban space.

Size

(The block) In their best historical dimensions, they vary between a minimum of 250 and a maximum of 600 feet. They maybe square, rectangular, or irregular in shape. This dimensional range allows single buildings to easily reach the edges of blocks at all densities. It also forces parking to be located away from the sidewalk, either underground, in the middle of the block or in the street.

Configuration

(The block) Independent of shape, city blocks are to be lofted so that all their sides can define public space. A variety of widths and depths of individual lots determine the range of building types and densities that will eventually establish the intended city fabric.

Street ground

(The block) At its perimeter, each block is to be divided into parkway, sidewalk, and setback. Within each block, lobbies, major ground floor interior spaces and public gardens of all kinds and sizes are to be understood as an extension of the public space of the city.

Street walls

(The block) Threshold elements at the setback line, such as arcades, porches, stoops, stairs, balconies, eaves and cornices, loggias, chimneys, doors and windows, are the means by which buildings interface with and determine the life of the street.

Parking

The omnipresence of cars within the public realm threatens the vitality of cities. Accommodating the pedestrians is the first order of priority for parking

middle of blocks

Cars are best accommodated in the _____ or underground.

significant public gardens.

Where parking lots are inevitable, they should double up as ________.

Landscape

(The block) Regularly planted trees along blocks shall establish the overall space and scale of the street as well as that of the sidewalk

The Building

the smallest increment of growth in the city. Their proper configuration and placement relative to each other determines the character of each settlement.

Use

(the building) neither of the two opposing extreme views of architectural use put forward by the Modern movement — functionalism and universal flexibility — adequately addresses the making of a city or town.

Density

(the building) ____regulations shall be stated independently of building use and parking. Parking requirements shall be established on a neighborhood and district basis as opposed to building by building. They are to be phrased by their intended architectural and urban consequences, not just numerically.

Floor Area Ration (FAR) zoning

(the building) totally abstract and favor the design of buildings as singular objects. They are to be replaced with building envelope guidelines that link entitlements with predictable physical and architectural definitions of the public realm

Form

(the building) There exists two kinds of buildings: fabric and monumental. Built form and landscape form are mutually dependent. The relationship of buildings to the public realm is to be reciprocal.

Fabric buildings

are to conform to all street and block-related rules and are consistent in their form with all other buildings of their kind.

Monumental buildings

are to be free of all formal constraints. They can be unique and idiosyncratic, the points of concentrated social meaning in the city.

Coding

(the building) specific street, block and building design rules for public or private developments shall be typically designed and presented in the form of a _____.

streets

(elements of a residential dev't) A community's comprehensive plan often contains a street plan that indicates future alignments and widths of right-of-way for major roads, such as arterials and collectors, whose function is to conduct traffic between communities and activity centers and connect to major state and interstate highways.

Topography

Soil and geologic conditions

Drainage

Future land uses

Decision regarding internal street layout should result from evaluations of a variety of factors:

Open Space

those portions of the development that is not included in the salable lots, houses, commercial properties, and so no.

Private

(types of open space) land improved for use in a recreational capacity. Ex. Golf course or tennis club

Public

(types of open space) land that has been purchased or dedicated for public use. Ex. Roads, rights-of-way, storm water management systems

Common

(types of open space) deeded to a community property owners' (or homeowners') association that the developer creates and operates for the benefit of owners of property within the development.

may contain a multitude of improved and unimproved property, including the entrance to the community, parks, pedestrian pathways, recreational facilities (pools, sports fields, bath houses, and so on), landscaped buffers, the streetscape, walls and signage.

Commercial Space

neighborhood shopping center; retail shops for convenience goods and the supply of basic services

Public Space

include schools, libraries, and facilities for public services like police protection, fire protection and emergency rescue

Institutional Space

schools, daycare, church

Utility Elements

1. Water

2. Wastewater

municipal system

community systems

individual systems 3. Energy and communications

Circulation elements

streets

Landscape elements

1. Grading

2. Drainage

3. Storm water management

4. Erosion and sedimentation control

5. Plant materials

6. Walls and fences - perimeter walls

7. Entrance gateways

8. Streetscapes - lighting

9. Design detail

Central city and close suburban locations

should also show strength in the coming years (trend) with the anticipated growth in nontraditional households, singles living alone, and empty nesters will provide a strong market for locations near major urban services and employment centers. Such locations will also benefit from traffic congestion in the suburbs, which will almost certainly grow worse

Large scale planned communities

They make it possible to undertake more comprehensive master environmental planning and mitigation programs. Conscientious developers, inspired by the prospects of a long-term development program, can address environmental issues more comprehensively than local governments can piecemeal.

Planned communities

provide opportunities for privatizing growth management. The master developer can work continuously with local government to better maintain a balance between n development and public services and be better able to avoid emergency growth moratoriums

Rental Housing

products tailored to specialized market segments, will provide opportunities for development in many locations

High-rise apartments

professionals, executives and semi-employed singles and couples continue to constitute a market for high rises in or near commercial and business centers

Infill Apartments

Tenants tend to be older and affluent; they demand good location, large units, extensive amenities, and an array of welt-managed services.

Garden apartments

this should be targeted to specific market segments. Even with a single project, buildings can be divided into areas where architecture, unit size and design, amenities and services can be tailored to meet the needs of specific market segments

Family Apartments

Large apartments with 3bedroom units, services and daycare, located in good school districts and projects small (up to 200 units) because housing children entails potential management problems. The location of projects does not have to be highly visible.

Namibia

These people build according to their own needs, priorities and resources (build-together program)

Canada

Cooperative Housing - encouraged the national government to change its policies to support smaller scale, mixed income housing; sponsored, built owned and managed by community-based not-for-profit groups.

Neo-traditional planning

New urbanism - Draws upon historical prototypes as inspiration for the future; Advocacy for a diverse mix of activities (residences, shops, schools, workplaces, parks, etc.) in close proximity to each other

new urbanism

Notable features.

a. Smaller Jots, higher densities

b. Straight streets

c. Integral part of the concept is to allow residents the opportunity to walk, bicycle, or use convenient public transportation to get to work

Information Technology —Home office

Telecommuting alters our perception of urban sprawl. With telecommuting technology, distance is no longer a constraint.

Environment-friendly/Sustainable developments

We must ensure that a development is not just good for the present generation but should sustain and enhance the resources

Rammed Earth Construction

construction is a mixture of gravel, sand and silt, which act as aggregates, and clay, which acts as a binder.

However, the main advantages of negligible shrinkage cracking and high compressive strength are achieved only with a well trained working team and regular quality controls.

a natural material, constructed with only a small fraction of the energy input required for other materials to produce structures of similar strength and durability. It also causes no wastage or pollution, and when demolished, soils that contain no stabilizer can be reused over and over again.

With all these considerations, this construction is a highly recommendable technology of relatively low cost and good quality, but this is only true if carried out with well trained workers

Compressed Earth Blocks

The earth is compressed in a mould which can have a variety of shapes, depending on the type of block required (solid, hollow perforated, interlocking, etc).

sun-dried bricks or blocks

Of all common earth construction techniques, building with _____ is the most widespread, easiest to learn and most versatile method, permitting the construction of load-bearing walls, columns, vaults, domes, and numerous other applications.

Improved Lime Production

The production of lime in kilns is a more than 2000 year old technology, believed to have been developed by the Romans around 300 B.C. The process of burning limestone at temperatures above 9000 C to produce quicklime, which is subsequently slaked with water to produce hydrated lime, has since become traditional practice in most countries, as lime is one of the most versatile materials known, being used for numerous industrial and agricultural processes, environmental protection and building construction.

rice husk ash

has received much attention, because, with lime, it can not only make a suitable alternative cement material for building applications, but also utilizes a widely available agricultural waste product. Pozzolanic material from_____ can be produced either by controlled firing at temperatures around 6500 C

burnt clay

The oldest artificial pozzolana

Pulverized fuel ash

(commonly known as fly ash), obtained from coal-burning power plants, has been used for many years as a partial replacement of Portland cement.

granulated blast furnace slag

Similar to fly ash, a well-known cement replacement material, a byproduct in the production of pig-iron

Precast Brick Elements

precast flat or curved panels comprising appropriately arranged bricks or tiles, which are reinforced with steel bars and bonded by cement-sand mortar.

Thailand

A simple precast beam, using some special bricks and tiles together with reinforced concrete, was developed in ____. No formwork is needed to produce these composite beams, which can be used in different ways, either as separate elements or cast monolithically with the concrete slab, achieving a Tbeam action.