Studied by 1 person
final preparation
virus
infectious particles that pass through bacterial filters
genome, capsid, envelope
viral anatomy
capsid
protein coat surrounding the genome
envelope
made of phospholipid bilayer - called envelope viruses
-membrane that surrounds the capsid
-has vital proteins (spikes) and host proteins
nucleocapsid
some viruses only have capsid and nucleic acid
virion
non-cellular microbe that has taken over host cell
virion
non-cellular microbe that has taken over host cell
obligate parasites
viruses are …… …… and are incapable of growth without a host
virulent
kill the host cell quickly, usually by lysis
temperate
may remain hidden and dormant for a very long time in their hosts
-causes disease slowly
yes
can viruses have single or double stranded DNA or RNA
no
do viruses have ribosomes
no
do viruses have metabolism?
bacteriophage
viruses that infect bacteria
adsorption, penetration, synthesis, assembly, release
stages of the lytic cycle
bacteriophage plaques
since bacteriophages are non-motile, bacteriophages will form circular plaques in a lawn of bacteria, each plaque is formed by a single bacteriophage infecting a single bacterium
lysogenic life cycle
some bacteriophages, as an alternative to lytic growth, can “hide” in the host and lie dormant (temperate)
adsorption, penetration, integration of prophage, growth, viral induction, synthesis, assembly, release
lysogenic life cycle stages
provirus
integration into the genome
lysis
cell breaks open, releasing all virions at once
budding
virions bud off the infected cell
animal viruses
budding is specific to
cold and influenza
viral respiratory tract infections, rapidly infectious, rapidly contagious
airborne droplets
the cold and flu are transmitted by
epithelial cells in the nose, throat, and lungs
cold and flu infect
rhinovirus
“nose virus” most common cold
specific
infection grants immunity but only to that ………. cold
3
how many flu varieties are there
A
most seasonal flu type
proteins
influenza has …… on the viral surface
N spike, H spike
name the 2 protein spikes on the influenza viral surface
8 strand RNA
give the details of the influenza genome
changes
the influenza virus population regularly goes through ……
-gradual mutational change
-prior years immunity doesn’t protect against new versions
-this is why we have yearly epidemics
pandemic
an extremely widespread and deadly epidemic
partial
most years we have ……. immunity to the new versions of the flu virus
-our antibodies can recognize some of the new influenza virus but not all
antigenic shift
sometimes, the change to the flu antigens is so large that we lose all immunity
neuraminidase inhibitors
given to those with the flu who are at high risk of complications
neuraminidase inhibitors
blocks the maturation/spread of the virus
inactivated virus vaccine
kills flu virus particles, given by injection, can be given greater than 6 months of age
live attenuated virus vaccine
mutated virus, incapable of causing the flu, only for healthy people ages 2-49: can cause disease with weak immune systems
viral gastroenteritis/stomach flu
a viral infection of the stomach/intestines, can be caused by a large number of different viruses
fecal to oral
how is the stomach flu transmitted?
rotavirus
one large number of viruses that can cause viral gastroenteritis
double stranded RNA
rota virus genome is
naked
rotavirus is a …. virus making it resistant to soap and sensitive to alcohol
triple
rotavirus has a ….. capsid
hydration
rotavirus treatment
rotashield
based on a sheep virus related to human rotavirus, granted immunity, rare complication of intussusception
rotateq
based on a cow virus related to human rotavirus, causes a mild infection with no symptoms, grants immunity, no signs of complications
retrovirus
HIV/AIDs is a …..
envelope
HIV is an …….. virus
reverse transcriptase
enzyme that converts RNA to DNA
macrophages, T cells, dendritic cells
HIV infects
antibodies
when HIV attacks T cells, it stops the creation of
opportunistic infections
when T cell population decreases, the chance of …… …… increases
200
less than …… T cells is considered AIDS
A
which category of AIDS is least severe?
HAART
how to treat HIV
protease inhibitors
blocks enzymes needed for virion maturation
reverse transcriptase inhibitors
blocks viral reproduction
reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors
name the two major drugs HAART uses to treat HIV
CCR5
name the mutation that is HIV immune
CCR5
lacks protein used for HIV adsorption
prion
infectious proteins with no DNA or RNA, change the folding of proteins with the same sequence
transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
central nervous system cells die due to prions causing
prion diseases
spread by ingesting or having blood contact with infected nervous tissue
none
treatment for kuru/prion diseases
prions
hardy, pass through filters, and can resist autoclave temperatures
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