Anatomy and Physiology 1st semester review

cells

what is the smallest unit of all living things

Metabolism

refers to all the chemcial reactions in the body

homeostasis

the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions is referred to as

mediastenum

the central region of the thoracic cavity containing the heart is called the

transverse

the diaphragm creates a - section between the thoracic and abdominal body cavities

thoracic

to perfrom heart surgery, an incision is made into the - cavity

positive feedback

milk production during breastfeeding is icreased by the suckling of a newborn from his mothers nipple. The type of feedback mechanism best describes

anatomy

the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another is called

response

when your body temperature rises above 37 degrees, negative feedback mechanism will be triggered to lower the body temp. As a result, our sweat glands release sweat to cool the body temp. Which part of the negative feedback machanism is the sweat gland?

C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K, also anatomical

which of the following activites represents a physiological study?

a. measuring an organs size, shape, and weight

b. can be studied in dead specimens

c. often studied in living subjects

d. chemistry principles

e. measuring the acid content of the stomach

f. principle of physics

g.observing a heart in action

h. dynamic

i dissenction

j. experimentation

k. observation

l directional terms

m. static

median or midsagittal

the surgeon created an opening in the chest during surgery. The incision was made along a plane that equally separated the right and the left havles of the thoracic cavity. This section is known as a -

distal

when correctly situated in anatomical position, where are you feet in relation to you knees?

anything that occupies space and has mass

matter is best described as -

oxygen

the most common element in the human body is -

3

an atom with 13 electrons will have - electrons in the outer most valence shell

uneqaully

polar molecules like water result when electrons are shared-

provides instructions for every protien in the body

what is the function of dna

protons

an acid is a molecule that releases donates -

heat capacity of water

which property of water explains is ability to prevent sudden changes in body temperature

chemical energy used by all cells

why is atp an important nucleic acid in the body

ionic bonds

what type of bond results when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another

covalent

unsaturated fatty acid chains contain one or more - bonds between carbon atoms

surface tension

hydrogen bonding between water molecules is responsible for -

water, salts, and some acids

list some examples of inorganic compounds

organelles

the specialized cellular compartments within the cytosol of cells are collectively called -

tight junctions

the membrane connections that prevent the leaking fluid between cells

osseous

bone is known as what kind of tissue

facilitated diffusion

what processes require the use of protein carrier molecules

shrink

a cell is isotonic to the surrounding 4% dextrose solution. If the cell is moved to a 6% dextrose solution, then predict what will happen to the cell

transcription

the process of making an rna copy of a gene sequence

translation

some antibiotics inhibit trna from delivering amino acids to the ribosome. What process cannot be completed?

reticular connective tissue

identify the type of connective tissue that is found in lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow.

adipose

tissue is commonly called fat

protein is made, travles to the Golgi, packaged into vesicle, folds into shape

list the steps of protein synthesis and export from the cell in proper order

cube shaped

what does simple cuboidal epithelium look like

layered bricks

what does stratified squamous epithelium look like?

mucous membrane

which of the following membranes lines body cavities that are open to the exterior

synovial

what membrane lines the fibrous capsule surrounding joints

serous membranes

the pleura and pericardium are examples of - membranes that cover organs in a body cavity closed to the exterior

melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin

which of the following are pigments that contribute to skin color

exocrine

the sebaceous and sweat glands associated with the skin are classified as - glands because they release secretions to the skin's surface via ducts

sebum

what is a lubricant that keeps skin soft and moist and also contains chemicals that kill bacteria

dermis

you have just gotten a paper cut, but id doesn't bleed. Which layer of the skin has the cut penetrated?

keratin

although you get wet while swimming, which tough protein within the skin prevents it from soaking up moisture like a sponge

reproductive system, respiratory, urinary, digestive (inner linings)

where are mucous membranes found

cutaneous

the only dry membrane is the -

subcutaneous tissue

jan got her microscope slides mixed up in lab as they were unlabled. The slide with abundant adipose tissue should be labled as the - tissue

melanin

the tanning effect that occurs when a person is exposed to the sun is due to the increased presence of -

short

cube shaped bones that contain mostly spongy bone are called - bones

osteogenesis and ossification

the process of bone formation is know as

axial

the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage from the - skeleton

synovial joints

plane, hinge, and pivot joints are examples of - joints

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx

from superior to inferior, what is the correct order of the vertebrae

joint

tow or more bones meet at a location called a

diaphysis

julie experienced a break in the shaft of her femur. What part of her bone was fractured

long bones

the fumer, tibia, humerus, and radius are all classified as -

articular cartilage

what type of tissue covers the epiphysis of bones and reduces friction in the joints

that a person is still growing

the presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates

hinge joint

the elbow is classified as a

a hematoma forms, a fibrocartilage callus forms, the body callus forms, bone remodeling occus

what is the sequence of the four stages in the healing of a bone fracture

osteoporosis

compression fractures in lower vertebral column and extermely low bone density in vertebrae

when the nervous system generates a signal

which of these events must occur first to trigger the skeletal muscle to generate an action potential and contract

no striations, involutary, contractions are slow and sustained

describe smooth muscle cells

contractility

muscle tissue has the ability to shorten when adequately stimulated, a characteristic known as -

motor unit

one neuron and all the skeletal muscles it stimulates is know as a -

action potential

what is the unstoppable electrical current that travles down the lenght of the entire surface of a sacrolemma

myosin heads form cross bridges and pull thin filaments, causing them to slide

according to the sliding filament theory, how does muscle contraction occur

produce movement, maintain posture, stabliize joints, and generate heat

what are the fuctions of the muscular system

graded response

skeletal muscle, as a whole, can generate different amounts of force, and different degrees of shortening, in response to stimuli. what is this concept called

thick filaments

which one of the following is composed mostly of the protein mysoin

abduction

arms and legs move laterally away from the midline

atrophy

muscles wasting away

cardiac muscle

striated involutary muscle tissue is classifed as - muscle

villi

fingerlike projections in the small intestine that increase surface area

liver and gallbladder

bile is formed by the - and stored in the -

mouth, pharynx, esphagus, small intestine, large intestine

which of the following represents the correct order through which food passes in the alimentary canal

absorb nutrients

what are the main functions of the small intestine

appendix, colon, rectum

what are the subdivisions of the large intestine

large intestine

which organ is responsible for drying out indigestible food residue through water absorption and the elimination of feces

chew, grind, and tear food into small pieces

what is the purpose of mastication

enamel

what ceramic-like substance covers the crown

incisors

the anterior chisel shaped teeth that are adapted for cutting are called

stomach

where does protein digestion begin

mouth

where does starch digestion begin

cardioesphageal sphincter

what sphincter, weakened by a hiatal hernia can contribute to this condition

rugae

large wrikle-like folds in the stomach lining, present when the stomach is empty, that allow for expansion when the stomach is filling are called

duodenum,jejumun, illeum

what are the 3 subdivsions of the small intestine

tubular secretion

The process that removes ions such as potassium and hydrogen from the blood and places them into the nephron for removal from the body as urine

collecting duct

antidiuretic hormone prevents excessive water loss by promoting water reabsorption in the --

micturition

the process of emptying the urinary bladder is known as voiding

manufacture urine, covert vitamin D from inactive to active, and dispose of metabolic waste products

what are the functions of the kidneys

kidney

which organ filiters blood, regulates blood volume, and chemical makeup

proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule

starting from the glomerular capsule, what is the correct order of the renal tubule regions is

glomerular filtration

the nonselective, passive process performed by the glomerulus that forms blood plasma without blood proteins is called

urine

the highest concentration of urea should be found in the -

creatinine

what is normally found in urine

nephrons

what is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and forms urine

bowmans capsule

filtrate formed during glomerular filtration is captured by -