APUSH Chapter 22

Deep study!

Allied Powers

Great Britain, Russia, Serbia, France

Machine guns

shoot in rapid succession, changing how wars are fought

Poison gas

Form of warfare introduced by Germans which used chemical or biological means

Tanks

new technology allowing soldiers to advance across No Man's Land

Airplanes

New technology allowing aerial support

War of Attrition

warfare where one side tried to wear down the other

Neutrality

original U.S. position toward WWI

Zimmerman Telegram

decoded message from German diplomat to Mexico offering U.S. territory (Texas) if Mexico fought the U.S. in WWI.

Henry Cabot Lodge

Rejected President Wilson's 14 points and was the main driving force behind the U.S. not approving the Treaty of Versailles

Espionage and Sedition Act

Congress made it illegal to speak out against the government's war efforts, incite disloyalty or persuade men from avoiding the draft, and outlawed disloyal or profane language directed against the constitution, military uniforms & flag

Wilson's 14 Points

plan for organizing post-war Europe in order to avoid future wars

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations. Senate did not allow the US to join.
Made in hopes to prevent future wars

Reparations

War payments made by a losing country after war

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that ended WWI and was one of the main driving forces for WWII
Blamed Germany for WW I and handed down harsh punishment.

General John Pershing

leader of the U.S. AEF forces in Europe

American Expeditionary Force

the U.S. armed forces sent over to fight in Europe during WWI. Not a legitimate army

War to End All Wars

the idea that WWI would, with all its destruction & devastation, end warfare

no man's land

A strip of land between the trenches of opposing armies along the Western Front during WW1

total war

A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort

propaganda

Ideas spread to influence public opinion

armistice

A temporary peace agreement to end fighting.

Eastern Front

In WWI, the region along the German-Russian Border where Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks.

Western Front

in WWI, the region of northern France where the forces of the Allies and the Central Powers battled each other

U-Boat warfare

A policy that the Germans announced on January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the British waters

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

reparations

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.

main causes of the war

militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism

Allies of World War I (Triple Entente)

Composed of France, Britain, Serbia, and Russia, and later Japan and Italy, the Allies fought the Central Powers in World War I. The United States joined the Allies in 1917.

Central Powers

A military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey, and the Ottoman Empire.

Lusitania

British passenger boat sunk by a German submarine that claimed 1,000 lives. 128 Americans died, turning public opinion into war.
One of the main reasons the US decided to join the war.

stalemate

A deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other.

Versailles Peace Treaty

Treaty that ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

U-boat

German submarine - u boat is short of the German word, Unterseeboot (Under Sea Boat)

barbed wire

was laid out between the trenches to slow down advancing enemy forces

WWI

Expanded the role/control of the federal government.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Germany's Policy of sinking ships with their U-boats, enemy or neutral, that carry war material

Sussex Pledge

A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.

Freedom of the Seas

declared by Wilson, the right of merchant ships to travel freely in international waters

War Guilt Clause

A provision in the Treaty of Versailles by which Germany acknowledged that it alone was responsible for WWI

Foreign entanglements

Reason that's given for the US being dragged financially into WWI

Schenck v. United States

A 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War I. Justice Holmes declared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils.

November 11, 1918

day that Germany signed Armistice ending WWI. 11th month, 11th day, 11th hour

War Industries Board

Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & coordinate war production.

Rationing

Used during WWI and WWII. A limited portion or allowance of food or goods; limitation of use

Conscription

A military draft

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

National War Labor Board

A board that negotiated labor disputes and gave workers what they wanted to prevent strikes that would disrupt the war.

Liberty Bonds

Bonds citizens bought so the government could get that money now for war. The bonds increased in interest over time.

Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria-Hungary assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. A major catalyst for WWI.

Russian Revolution

The revolution against the Tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a communist government in March 1917.

Vladmir Lenin and the Bolsheviks

The communists in Russia who overthrew the government in 1917 and made peace with Germany.

Committee on Public Information

The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad.

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities. A part of the Red Scare

Panama Canal

(TR) The United States built the _________ _________ to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. (wanted more ability to protect both coasts)
Colombians would not let Americans build, but then with the assistance of the United States, a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build.

Commodore Perry

After arriving with a fleet of warships, he gets Japan to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) opening some ports to America. Helps to end Japanese isolation

Treaty of Kanagawa

An 1854 agreement between the United States and Japan, which opened two Japanese ports to U.S. ships and allowed the United States to set up an embassy in Japan.

Open Door Policy in China (1899)

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which all nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.
Sent 2 sets of letters which both weren't replied to so he just assumed it was a yes
Later revised again in 1900

Spheres of Influence

Areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly (ex. Europe and U.S. in China)

Informal Empires

Term commonly used to describe areas that were dominated by Western powers in the nineteenth century but that retained their own governments and a measure of independence, e.g., Latin America and China.

Boxers (Harmonious Righteous Fists)

An anti-foreign secret society
Killed thousands of foreigners and Chinese Christians and in 1900 they occupied Beijing, the Chinese Capital, and besieged the foreign legations
Revolution ended when an international army (aided by the US) marched on Beijing and recaptured the city
- violated the US nonentanglement protocol

Open Door Policy (1900) Revision

Hay feared that China's regime collapse would allow European powers to carve up China and issued a second series of Open Door Notes
- Reaffirmed the principle of open trade in China for all nations and announced America's determination to preserve China's territorial and administrative integrity

Control Corporations
Consumer Protection
Conservation of Resources

Teddy Roosevelt's 3 C's

Nicaragua/Panama Canal

__________________
- closer to the U.S.
- both oceans were on the same level on both sides of the country
- had many water ways that could be used to extend the canal more easily
________________
- the distance across the land was much shorter
- 1/3 of a canal was already completed by the New Panama Canal Company
- rights to the Panama canal were restricted until 1903

John Hay

Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the open-door policy and Panama canal

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)

Great Britain and US said that neither nation would or could attempt to take exclusive control of any future istmainian waterway

Theodore Roosevelt

Who called Colombians "Greedy little anthropoids"

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901)

Great Britain recognized U.S. Sphere of Influence over the Panama canal zone and allowed the US to take full control over construction and management of the canal, as well as it's fortification

French Canal Company

French company that was eager to salvage something from their costly failure to make canal alone at Panama. (Wanted Panama and not Nicaragua)

Phillippe Bunau-Varilla

French engineer who helped organize a revolt against Columbia, while serving as Chief Engineer of the Canal Company, and became Panama's new ambassador to the US

$40 million

Price the French Canal Company wanted for the canal before Panama rebelled against Columbia

10 miles

How long was the strip of land granted to the US for the Panama Canal?

Hay-Herran Treaty

Treaty that opened the door for the building of the Panama Canal; in return for a Canal Zone six miles wide, the United States agreed to pay Colombia $10 million in cash and $250,000 a year; the United States Senate ratified the Treaty in 1903 but the Colombian Senate struck it down (Had become hugely unpopular in Bogotá)

$10 million + $250,000/year

What was the US's initial offer to Columbia for a 6-mile strip of land for the Panama Canal? (Before the Panama revolution)

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)

In 1903, the Panama government signed this treaty with the United States. It granted the U.S. all rights to the 51 mile long and 10 mile wide Canal Zone, in exchange for U.S. protection

Lock System

a section of a waterway with closed gates where water levels are raised or lowered, through which ships pass
(Solved the elevation issues in the Panama Canal Project)

Theodore Roosevelt

Who was the 1st president to leave American soil
("Operated" a steam shovel during the Panama Canal's Construction)

$25 million

Amount US paid to Colombia for having used illegal means to acquire the Canal Zone

Disney Magic Cruise Liner

What ship paid the highest toll when going through the Panama Canal?

Walter Reed

United States physician who proved that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes (1851-1902)

Richard Halliburton

Who paid 36 cents to swim through the Panama Canal?

Theodore Roosevelt

First President to get a Nobel Peace Prize

Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

Roosevelt's extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force. we were the "police of the western hemisphere" Example of US imperialism in Latin America. Used to justify hundreds of interventions, mostly to protect US business interests, sometimes to the detriment of democratic movements in Latin America

Venezuela and Dominican Republic

Couldn't pay their debts to Germany and Britain so the US interfered using the Roosevelt Corollary. Guaranteed Germany and Britain payment but wanted to make sure they didn't use debts as a means to send their military and get past the Monroe Doctrine

Dollar Diplomacy (Taft)

A policy for "substituting dollars for bullets" by William Howard Taft. It would link American business interests to diplomatic interests abroad without force, but with investments.

Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

War over Manchuria, ended in a Japanese victory, establishing Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia. (First time an Asian power beat a European power)
Foreshadowing the Russian Revolution

Portsmouth Peace Conference (1905)

Where President Theodore Roosevelt helped negotiate an end to the Russo-Japanese War.
Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts, but neither side was happy with the resulting treaty which harmed American relations with both nations.

Great White Fleet (1907-1909)

Roosevelt sent the ______ ______ ______ on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."
16 ships

Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)

Tokyo voluntarily halted Japanese emigration ot America, however California continued to poison US-Japanese Relations

Bull Moose Party

nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election of 1912

John Flammang Schrank

Man who shot Roosevelt claiming he didn't intend to kill "citizen Roosevelt" but "Roosevelt, the third termer"
Said the Ghost of McKinley told him to do it

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created the Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification)
- First president to throw out the first ball at a World Series
- Face was on the $100,000 bill

Wilson vs Triple Wall of Privilege

- Tariff reforms
- Banking Regulations
- Monopoly/Trust regulations

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by spelling out specific activities businesses could not do
- exempted labor and agricultural organizations
- legalized strikes

Federal Farm Loan Act (1916)

made credit available to farmers at low rates of interest

Warehouse Act (1916)

authorized loans on the security of staple crops

La Follette Seamen's Act (1915)

required decent treatment and wages on American merchant ships

Working Compensation Act (1916)

Granted assistance of federal civil service employees if the got injured on the job

Adamson Act (1916)

established an 8-hour work day for all employees on trains in interstate commerce.

Louis Brandeis

First Jew on the Supreme Court

Blacks

Wilson did not improve conditions for _______?