Large Animal Physical Diagnosis: Food & Fiber (Lecture 1)

What animal is being referred to with the word “Bovine”?

Cattle

Bull

Intact Male Cattle

Steer

Castrated male cattle

Heifer

female cattle that are <18-24 months old

Cow

female cattle that has had at least one calf

Calf

neonate/young cattle

What is the gestation length of cattle?

283 days

What is parturition called in cattle?

Calving

What species is referred to with the word “Ovine”?

Sheep

Ram

intact male sheep

Wether

castrated male sheep OR goat

Ewe

female sheep

Lamb

neonate/young sheep

What is the gestation length of sheep?

145-150 days

What is parturition called in sheep?

Lambing

What animal is being referred to with “caprine”?

Goat

Buck

intact male goat

Doe/Nanny

female goat

Kid

neonate/young goat

What is the gestation length of goats?

147-155 days

What is parturition called in goats?

Kidding

What species is being referred to with “camelid”?

Llama/Alpaca

Macho

intact male llama/alpaca

Gelding

castrated male horse or llama/alpaca

Hembra

female llama/alpaca

Cria

young/neonate llama/alpaca

What is the gestation length of a llama/alpaca?

330 - 380 days

What is parturition called in llamas/alpacas?

Criating, Criation, or Unpacking

What animal is being referred to by the word porcine?

Swine

Boar

intact male pig

Barrow

castrated male pig

Gilt

female pig that has not had a litter

Sow

female pig who has had a litter

Piglet

neonate/young pig

What is the gestation length of a pig?

114 days

What is parturition called in pigs?

Farrowing

What animal is being referred to by “equine”?

Horse

Stallion

intact male horse

Mare

female horse older than 2 years old

Filly

female horse that is not sexually mature (<2 years old)

Foal

neonate/young horse

Colt

young male horse

What is the gestation length of horses?

330-350 daysWhat (11 months)

What is parturition called in horses?

Foaling

What should be involved in the history?

• Presenting Complaint

  • Duration

  • Treatment/Response

  • Seem by another vet

• Past Problems

• Herd Involvement

• Vaccination and Deworming

  • Date and Product

• Reproductive Phase

• Production Phase / Purpose

• Nutrition

What can you see from your distance exam?

• Environment

• Mentation

• Lameness / Ambulation

• Segregation from Herd

• Respiratory Rate

• BCS / MCS

• Skin / Hair

• Head & Neck Position

• Temperment

• Symmetry

  • Udder

  • Restocked

  • Muscle wasting

BCS Definition

Industry accepted evaluation of an animal’s body fat and muscle mass as related to skeletal dimension and stage of production

How are beef cattle scored on their BCS?

1-9

How are dairy cattle, swine, and other small ruminants scored on their BCS?

1-5

What is done immediately following the distance exam?

Urine Collection

How can you stimulate urine production in cattle?

feather escutcheon or preputial hairs

How can you stimulate urine production in sheep?

Scare them

How can you stimulate urine production in goats?

Walk them

What species is the most difficult to stimulate urination?

Pigs

How can you safely restrain a small ruminant?

Horned animals: grab the BASE of the horn

Twitch: ear twitch technique

• Halter

What should be avoided when restraining sheep?

Grabbing the wool

List restraint methods for beef cattle?

• Chute system

• Halter

• Nose Tongs

  • Adjunct to halter

  • Can place permanent nose ring (show bulls)

• Tail Jack

• Types

• Sedation

How can you restrain dairy cattle?

• Headlocks

• Hutches

• Halter

Why do we use casting harnesses?

• Foot trims

• Surgery

• Dystocia

What is the maximum amount of medication that can be put into the vasculature of the tail vein of cattle?

10mL

How do you collect blood from the tail vein of cattle?

18G, 1 inch needle inserted perpendicular to the tail