Unit 1 and 2 Review

Claim

An assertion that is arguable. A claim states a position with which people might agree or disagree

Types of Claims (F.V.P)

Claim of Fact: asserts that something is true or not true

Claim of Value: argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong

Claim of Policy: argues for a change

Evidence is information to prove an idea is ______.

Valid

Evidence on its own is (sufficient/not sufficient) enough to defend a claim.

Not sufficient

What is included in commentary?

Reasoning—explaining how evidence supports the claim

A claim must be _________.

Defensible

Define: source material

Evidence that comes from books, articles, videos, recordings, and first-hand observationsuo

Define: Quote

Exact words

Define: paraphrase

Rewrite the author’s ideas in your own words

Define: Summarize

Condense key information from a source in your own words

What does the writer need to consider in an audience? (B.B.N.V)

(V)alues: what are their priorities or principles?

(B)eliefs: what are their morals, religious beliefs?

(N)eeds of audience: what are their requirements for life and well-being?

(B)ackground of audience: do the members of the audience share a similar socio-economic status? Similar education? Race?

Define: Ethos

Credibility: Attempts by writers/speakers to convey their credibility to win the trust of their audience

Examples of Ethos

referencing experts, describing personal qualifications, using inclusive language, acknowledging opposing viewpoints

Pathos

Emotional appeal: intends to provoke feelings/passion in the audience

Examples of Pathos

stories/anecdotes, words with strong connotations, symbols that represent certain ideals, using imagery or figurative language

Logos

Logical appeal; writers appeal to logic and focus on a line of reasoning that asserts a claim. It is backed with evidence: stats, data, examples, expert testimony

Good written analysis pints out a writer’s ________, ________, ________, and _________. (C.O.R.E)

Choices and references, evidence, organization, commentary

How do you bolster a claim?

Writers use evidence to illustrate, associate, or amplify a point

How do you amplify evidence?

Increasing the amount or intensity of the evidence (volume)

What does “associate” mean when discussing evidence?

Making comparisons/contrasts to help the reader make connections to the writer’s argument

How do you clarify evidence?

By providing definitions of unfamiliar terms or ideas by rephrasing in simpler terms. Writes anticipate the possible misunderstandings of the audience.

Personal experiences and testimonies have more ____________ impact than statistics.

Emotional

Writers can maintain credibility by using evidence from sources that are ________ or ________.

Reliable, unbiased

Counter arguments

helps maintain a writer’s credibility

Quality evidence must be ________ or _________.

Timely or current

What else does the author need to consider, besides quality, and why?

Quantity, more skeptical audiences need more evidence to be convinced.