AP PSYCH 2.3-27

Automatic processing

Automatic processing

The unconscious encoding of information.

Central executive

The part of working memory that directs attention and processing.

Deep encoding

A method of encoding information that involves a deeper level of processing.

Echoic memory

A type of sensory memory that retains auditory information.

Effortful processing

The encoding of information that requires attention and conscious effort

Encoding

the processing of information into the memory system so that it can be stored—for example, by extracting meaning.

Episodic memory

A type of explicit memory that involves personal experiences and events.

Explicit memory

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.

Iconic memory

A type of sensory memory that retains visual information.

Implicit memory

Memory that is not consciously recalled, such as skills and tasks

Levels of processing model (Craik & Lockhart)

A theory that suggests memory retention depends on the depth of processing. Goes from structural (looks like), to phonemic (sounds like), to semantic (means)

Long-term memory

The system of memory that can store vast amounts of information for long periods.

Long-term potentiation

A long-lasting increase in synaptic strength that is believed to be a mechanism for memory.

Multi-store model (Atkinson & Shiffrin)

Proposed that memory consisted of three stores in a linear way: sensory register: stimulus from environment pass into the SR and has a infinite capacity, duration is less than half a second and coded acoustically or visually, STM and LTM

--Sensory register
(Attention)
--STM
(maintenance rehearsal to stay in STM)
(rehearsal to transfer to LTM)
--LTM
(retrieval to go back to STM)

phonemic processing

remembering the word by the way it sounds

Phonological loop

A component of working memory that deals with verbal and auditory information.

Primary memory system

Main memory that stores information temporarily

Procedural memory

A type of implicit memory that involves skills and actions.

Prospective memory

The ability to remember to perform actions in the future.

Retrieval

The process of accessing and bringing into consciousness information stored in memory.

Semantic processing

processing a word by its meaning

Semantic memory

A type of explicit memory that involves facts and general knowledge.

Sensory memory

The initial, brief storage of sensory information.

Shallow encoding

A method of encoding information that involves a superficial level of processing.

Storage

The process of maintaining information in memory over time.

Structural processing

A shallow level of processing that focuses on the physical structure of words.

Visuospatial sketchpad

A component of working memory that deals with visual and spatial information.

Working memory

A system for temporarily holding and manipulating information. A neural understanding of short-term memory; conscious, active processing of both sensory information and information retrieved from long-term memory.

Working memory model (Baddeley & Fitch)

An explanation of the memory used when working on a task. Each store is qualitatively different. It comprises the central executive, which controls attention and coordinates the phonological loop (handling auditory information), and the visuospatial sketchpad (processing visual and spatial information).

Categorical classification

The organization of information into categories based on shared characteristics.

Chunking

A memory strategy that involves grouping information into larger, manageable units.

Distributed practice

A learning strategy that involves spreading out study sessions over time.

Hierarchies

A way of organizing information into a ranked structure.

Massed practice

A learning strategy that involves cramming information in a short period.

Memory consolidation

The process of stabilizing a memory after its initial acquisition.

Method of loci

A mnemonic device that involves visualizing items to be remembered in specific locations.

Mnemonic devices

Techniques used to enhance memory retention and retrieval.

Primacy effect

The tendency to remember the first items in a list better than those in the middle.

Recency effect

The tendency to remember the most recent items in a list better than those at the beginning.

Serial position effect

The phenomenon where recall accuracy is influenced by an item's position in a list.

Spacing effect

The phenomenon where information is better retained when study sessions are spaced out.

Alzheimer's disease

A progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects memory and cognitive function.

Amnesia

A condition characterized by memory loss.

Anterograde amnesia

The inability to form new memories after a traumatic event.

Autobiographical memory

A type of memory that involves recollections of personal experiences.

Elaborative rehearsal

A memory technique that involves linking new information to existing knowledge.

Infantile amnesia

The inability to recall memories from early childhood.

Long-term memory

The relatively permanent storage of information

Maintenance rehearsal

A memory technique that involves repeating information to keep it in short-term memory.

Memory retention

The ability to maintain information over time.

Rehearsal

The process of repeatedly practicing information to enhance memory

Retrograde amnesia

The inability to recall memories from before a traumatic event.

Short-term memory

The system of memory that temporarily holds a limited amount of information.

Working Memory

A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

Context-dependent memory

The improved recall of specific information when the context present at encoding is also present at retrieval.

Metacognition

Awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.

Mood-congruent memory

The tendency to recall memories that are consistent with one's current mood.

Recall

The process of retrieving information from memory without cues.

Recognition

The process of identifying previously learned information when presented with it.

Retrieval cues

Stimuli that help in the retrieval of a memory

State-dependent memory

The improved recall of information when in the same state as when the information was encoded.

Testing effect

The phenomenon where retrieving information enhances long-term retention of that information.

Constructive memory

The process of creating false memories based on existing knowledge.

Encoding failure

The inability to create a memory due to insufficient attention during the encoding process.

Forgetting curve

A graph that shows the decline of memory retention over time.

Imagination inflation

The phenomenon where imagining an event increases confidence that it actually occurred.

Misinformation effect

The phenomenon where a person's memory of an event is altered by misleading information.

Proactive interference

When older memories interfere with the retrieval of newer memories.

Repression

The unconscious blocking of memories that are too painful to recall.

Retroactive interference

When new memories interfere with the retrieval of older memories.

Source amnesia

The inability to remember where or how one learned information.

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

The sensation of knowing that a piece of information is stored in memory but being unable to retrieve it.