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Bone

A solid connective tissue that serves the major function of protection.

Functions of Skeletal System

-providing rigid support and framework for the human body, -allowing movement as muscles pull on bones, offering protection for soft internal organs

-storing calcium and other materials in the bone extracellular matrix

-storing energy in the form of adipose in yellow bone marrow

- producing blood cells

-attachment sites for muscles.

Medullary Cavity

The cavity in the center of long bones that contains yellow bone marrow.

Trabeculae of Spongy Bone

The structure in spongy bone that contains red bone marrow.

Cartilage

A type of connective tissue that contributes to the skeletal system. It can be elastic, hyaline, or fibrocartilage.

Elastic Cartilage

A type of cartilage not found in the skeletal system.

Hyaline Cartilage

A type of cartilage found at the ends of bones where they form joints. It helps bones slide past one another, and its loss can lead to osteoarthritis.

Fibrocartilage

A type of cartilage found between vertebrae, within the knee, and at the pubic symphysis.

Periosteum anatomy covers?

Covers the surface of the bone

Outer shell (compact bone) protects?

Protects the entire bone

Spongy Bone contains?

contains red bone marrow

Medullary cavity contains

yellow bone marrow

Articular cartilage is made up of?

hyaline cartilage

ligament bone

attach bones to each other

What are the bone classification according to shape?

long, short, sesamoid, irregular, flat

Long bone

bones that cylindrical in shape and longer than wide

What are common examples of long bone?

Can be found in the arms (humerus, ulna, radius) , legs (femur, tibia, fibula) , fingers (metacarpals, phalanges), and toes (metatarsals, phalanges)

long bone function

Acts as levers, they move when muscles contracts

short bones

bones that are cubed-like shape, equal in length, width, and thickness

What are some common example of short bones?

carpals of wrist and the tarsals of the ankles

short bone functions

Provide stability, support, while allowing for some limited motion

flat bone

thin and curved bone; serves as a point of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs

flat bone examples?

cranial (skull) bones, the scapulae (shoulder blades), the sternum (breastbone), and the ribs

flat bone function

Points of attachment for muscles; protectors of internal organs

irregular bone

bone of complex shape and does not have an easily characterized shape nor fit any other classification

example of irregular bone?

vertebrae and facial bones

sesamoid bones

small and round; embedded in tendons

sesamoid bones functions?

Protect tendons from compressive forces

examples of sesamoid bones?

patella

epiphysis

the end of a long bone, attached to the shaft

diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

metaphysis

between epiphysis and diaphysis

medullary cavity

central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone/diaphysis

medullary cavity houses

yellow bone marrow

articular cartilage

a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that reduces friction in joint and acts as a shock absorber

articular capsule

oeriosteum seperates from the bone and becomes a articular capsule- a finrous outer covering to each joints

Hyaline cartilage

-Most common type of cartilage, soft bon

-smooth bone with not a long of fibers

hyaline cartilage functions

provides stiff but somewhat flexible support; reduces friction between bony surfaces

hyaline cartilage location?

ends of bones, where they form a join in another bone

is hyaline avascular/aneural?

yes

elastic cartilage

cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage

elastic cartilage location

found in places that need to stretch

-eternal ears tip of nose, epligottis

fibrocartilage

cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord.

fibrocartilage function?

able to withstand pressure or weight-bearing stress

fibrocartilage location

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of knee joint

epiphysis plate

growth plate, found in childen. It contains growing cartilage that allows bones to increase in length

ossification

the process of changes of bone formation

epiphyseal line

the site of previous epiphyseal plate

Periosteum

A dense irregular connective tissue lining surface lining the outer surface of bone. also is. a attachment site for tendons and ligaments

what happens to our epiphysis plate when we are grown up?

when the bone stops growing in early adulthood, the cartilage is replaced by osseous tissue and the epiphyseal plate becomes an epiphyseal line

bone is lined on every surface with a ?

layer of dense irregulaR connective tissue.

endosteum

lines the inner surface of the shaft and medullary cavity

periosteum contains what

blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels

tendons and ligaments are attached to?

periosteum by perforating fibers (making tiny holes in the outer space of bone)

endosteum

dense irregular connective tissue lining medullary cavity

what contains cells that allow bone growth?

Periosteum and endosteum

collagen fibers of tendons

weave into those of periosteum to anchor muscles to bone

articulating surface bone marking

where two bones meet

depressions

sunken portion of bone

projections

an area of a bone that projects above surfaces of bone

are attachment joints of ligaments and tendons

holes + spaces

an opening or a groove in the bone

articulating cartilage

Like long bone, spaces within spongy bone is filled with?

Red bone marrow

articulating surface condyle description and ex?

rounded surface

occipital condyles

articulating surfaces facet description and ex?

flat surface

vertebrae

articulating surfaces head

prominent rounded surface

head of femur

articulating surfaces trochlea

rounded articulating surface

trochlea of humerus

depression fossa

elongated basin

mandibular fossa

depression sulcus

groove

sigmoid sulcus of the temporal bonea

Projection spine

sharp process

ischial spine

projections trochanter

rough rounded projection

tubercle

rough surface

deltoid tuberosity

hikes and spaces chantal

oassage in bone

fisssure

slit-like thru bone

foremen

hole thru canal

meatus

opening into canal

sinus

air filled cavity in bone

chondrocytes

cells of cartilage that secretes matrix

chondryctes

cells that are completely surrounded by matrix, found in lacunae

osteogenic cells

stem cells that replicates

all cartilage is composed of 2 cells

chondroblasts, chondrocytes

osteogenic cells are found in?

deep layers of periosteum and the marrow

osteogenic cells will replicate and one of the daughter cells will...

differentiate and develop into an osteoblast

osteoblasts

cells that form new bone matrix

where is osteoblast found?

periosteum and endosteum