Mus 180: Final Exam Study Guide

middle ages dates?

(450-1450)

middle ages characteristics-

use of instruments restricted, women were not allowed to sing but could compose,

major genres from the middle ages-

medieval music, especially sacred, secular music more important than sacred

early middle ages:

a time of migrations, upheavals, and war

later middle ages:

a period of cultural growth

during the middle ages musicians worked for what?

churches, courts, and towns

in the middle ages what was more important vocal or instrumental music?

vocal music was more important

what flourished during the middle ages?

secular song and dance( troubadour and trouvere

where were minstrels performed in the middle ages?

taverns and town squares

what does Gregorian chant convery?

a clam, otherworldly, spiritual quality

medieval composers were relatively uninterested in what?

expressing the emotions of a text

do dynamics appear in the medieval scores?

no they do not appear in the middle ages

what was the tone color of the middle ages?

no instruments appeared in the manuscripts, vocal and instrumental music will be accompanied by a drone

what did medieval composers based original compositions on?

chant melodies which were often moved by step within a narrow range

what was the melody and harmony of the middle ages?

they considered the interval of a third a dissonance, thus the music occasionally can sound hollow to us, the thirds and triads were used more often

what was music based on in the middle ages?

church modes rather than major and minor scales

what was the texture of the middle ages?

western music was basically monophonic, a second line of music was added to Gregorian chant, creating organum, composer wrote polyphonic music in three- and four-voice parts

what was the genres in the middle ages?

Gregorian chant, mass, estampie, organum, ballata, rondeau

composers in the middle ages?

Hildegard of bingen, beatriz,countess of dia, perotin, franxesco landini, Guillaume de machaut

renaissance-

a period of exploration and adventure, “a rebirth” of human creativity

humanism-

focused on human life and its accomplishments

word painting-

a musical depiction of specific words

A cappella-

choral music, period sometimes called the golden age

renaissance madrigal-

a piece for several solo voices set to a short poem, usually about love

lute-

is a plucked string instrument with a body shaped like half a pear

genres from the renaissance?

motet, mass, madrigal, lute song, instrumental, music, polychoral motet

composers from the renaissance?

Josquin Desprez, Giovanni pierluigi da Palestrina, Thomas weelkes, john dowland, pierre Francisque caroubel, Giovanni gabrieli

dates for the renaissance periods?

1450-1600

what widened the circulation of music in the renaissance period?

the invention of printing

what music important in the renaissance period?

yes, and it was an leisure activity, and every educated person was expected to be trained in music

who did the musicians worked for in the renaissance?

churches, chourts, and towns. musical patronage gradually shifted from the church to the courts

was vocal music more important than instrumental music in the renaissance period?

yes, just like in the middle ages, but instrumental music increased in importance during this time

what thrived outside the church in the renaissance period?

secular music and dance

renaissance composers wrote vocal music to enhance the what?

meaning and emotion of a text

renaissance madrigals expresses what ?

a wide range of emotions and imagery through word painting

what does the secular vocal music contain in the renaissance periods?

more rapid shifts of mood than does sacred music

rhythm in the renaissance period?

more gentle flow than a sharply defined beat, particularly in a cappella choral music, each line of music has great rhythmic independence, secular music has more clearly defined beat

dynamics is the renaissance periods?

not indicated in manuscripts or printed music

renaissance tone color?

instruments may or may not accompany vocal music by doubling one or more of the parts, even in purely instrumental music, the specific instruments are rarely specified

compare middle to renaissance music melody and harmony?

renaissance music should mild and relaxed because stable, consonant chords occur frequently, triads are favored over dissonances

melody and harmony in the renaissance?

melodies usually move stepwise along a scale, with few large leaps, the bass register was used for the first time, resulting in a fuller sound and richer harmonies, melodic line has great independence phrases often overlap to create a seamless flow of sound among the parts

texture of the renaissance period?

main - polyphonic, with a typical choral piece having four to six parts of nearly equal melodic interest, imitation among voices is common, particularly in a cappella choral music, bass register is used for the first time, homophonic texture was also used, in light music secular music written for solo voices and for solo voice with accompaniment of one or more instruments was popular

music in the baroque period?

composed to order for specific events, employment was in the aristocratic courts, the church, and the opera house. composers working in aristocratic courts were considered servants , some aristocrats became accomplished musicians, large towns employed musicians for a variety of functions

mood in the baroque period?

a section or entire movement will express one basic mood throughout “unity of mood”

vocal music in the baroque period-

changes of mood in the text are often accompanied by changes in the music

rhythm in the baroque period?

heard at the beginning of a piece and often repeated throughout, pulse is regular, consistent, and strong, typically featuring a constantly moving bass line, even when the music is in a slow tempo, unity of rhythm provides compelling drive and energy that are characteristic of baroque music

dynamics in the baroque period-

terraced dynamics change suddenly rather than gradually and are a major feature of baroque music

tone color of the baroque period?

the basso continuo, orchestras, typically ten to forty players, vary from piece to piece, striped instruments predominate, along with the basso continuo, purely instrumental music grows in importance as a genre throughout the baroque period

basso continuo-

consisting of a bass melodic instrument, such as the cello orbassoonn, and a keyboard instrument, such as the organ or harpsichord-is one of the most distinctive instruments features of baroque music

melodies in the baroque period-

often complexed, a dont easy to remember on one hearing, recur as a whole pr in part throughout a movement or aria, give an impression of continuous expansion, even within a slow temp, vocal melodies frequently use wide leaps and contain striking chromatic intervals,

harmony in the baroque period?

based on major and minor scales but may contain passages of striking chromaticism

genres in the baroque era?

concerto grosso, fugue, opera, sonata, trio sonata, solo concerto, cantata, oratorio

composers in the baroque period?

johann Sebastian bach, claudi Monteverdi, henry Purcell, Barbara Strozzi, elisebeth Jacquet de la guerre, Arcangelo corlli, Antonio Vivaldi, George frideric handel

texture in the baroque period?

polyphonic: with an emphasis on the lowest and highest melodic lines, the bass line proves a harmonic foundation for the music often written as a figured bass that encouraged improvisation, limitation between the individual melodic lines of music is very common

music in the classical period-

wrote music that would appeal simultaneously to amateurs and learned connoisseurs. greater access to education, financial stability, and leisure time than ever before, fueled a demand for public concerts, broke from the patronage system to seek their fortune as freelance musicans, considered training in music an important educational skill, making in the home because increasingly important

what does classical music feature?

fluctuations of mood within a movement

mood in the classical period?

occur gradually or suddenly, but are always firmly controlled by the composer and typically fall within a tastefully acceptable emotional range, music was expected to be immediately appealing pleasing natural sounding and tasteful

affections-

emotional states such as joy grief and agitation were represented at the time these moods were also called

terraced dynamics-

the alternation between loud and soft

clavichord-

could make gradual dynamic changes, but only within a narrow range, from ppp to mp, a third keyboard instrument

basso continuo-

offered the advantage of emphasizing the all-important bass part, besides providing a steady flow of chords

movement-

is a piece that sounds fairly complete and independent but is part of a larger composition

tutti-

all

ritornello form-

the first and last movements of concerti Grossi are often in ritornello form which is based on alternation between tutti and solo sections

stretto-

in which subject is imitated before it is completed one voice tries to catch the other

episodes-

transitional sections which offer either new material or fragments of the subject or countersubject

pedal point

single tone usually in the bass is held while the other voices produce a series of changing harmonies against it

classical rhythm-

numerous rhythmic patterns provide variety and contrast, unexpected pauses, syncopations, and frequent changes between long notes and shorter notes also provide variety and contrast , changes occur suddenly or gradually

dynamics in the classical period-

change gradually or suddenly, enabling the expression of highly varied emotional nuances within one movement

tone color of the classical period-

characteristic sound of an orchestra with four families of instruments strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion 25 to 60 player

what was the most important form of classical chamber music?

string quarter, written for two violins viola and cello

melody in the classical period-

tuneful and easily remembered, phrases often occur in pairs with the first phrase ending with an incomplete cadence and the second phrase ending more conclusively, may be broken into fragments or motives that undergo development to explore different moods

harmony i the classical period-

based on major and minor scales, dissonance is used to provide contract suspense or excitement

exposition-

first theme in tonic key, bridge containing modulation form home key to new key, second theme in new key, closing section in key of second theme

development-

new treatment of themes: modulations to different key, often the most dramatic section of the movement

motive-

broken into this are short musical idea developed within a composition

recapitulation-

first theme in tonic key, bridge, second theme in tonic key, closing section in tonic key, brings reolution as we again hear the first theme in the tonic key

coda-

in tonic key, rounds off a ovement by repeating themes or developing them further

countermelody-

in variations 1 and 3 the original melody is accompanied by a new one called

genres from the classical period-

opera, sonata, serenade, symphony, concerto, chamber music, string quartet, requiem

forms in the classical period-

sonata form ,theme and variations, minut and trio, minut, scherzo, rondo, sonara rondo

major composers of the classical period-

joseph haydn, Mozart, Beethoven

texture is the classical period-

predominantly homophonic, fluctuations of texture occur to provide contrasts a piece may shift gradually or suddenly from one texture to another

clasical period dates

1750-1820

music in the romantic period-

urban middle class wanted to hear music too, more orchestras, operas companies, and music societies, subscription concerts bacame common, captivated by virtuoso performers, woman assumed greater roles , music in the homes, piano became a regular fixture in middle class and upper class homes, used both for entertainment and for educating children mainly girls

mood in the romantic period-

closely related to the other arts, particularly literature, art forms, emphasis on self-expression and the development of uniquely personal musical style, included flamboyance and intimacy, nationalism and exoticism

rhythm in the romantic period-

rhythm is extremely diverse, tempos are flexible and may change frequently, temp rubato permitted greater expressivity and freedom in performance

dynamics in the romantic period-

can be sudden or gradual, extremely wide dynamic ranges, from very soft to very loud add cconsiderably to emotional excitement and intensity

tone color in the romantic period-

exhibits a wide range of expressive tone color and sensuous sound, new instruments, experimented with timbre through unusual combinations of instruments or by having instruments play in unusual ways

nationalism-

was expressed when romantic composers deliberately creatd music with a specific national identity using folksongs dances legends and history of their homeland s

exoticism-

fascination with national identity also led composers to draw on colorful material from foreign lands

genres from the romantic period-

program music, art song, song cycle, piano trio, nocturne, etude, polonaise, concerto, string quarter, program symphony, concert overture, symphonic poem, incidental music, symphony, requiem, opera

composers from the romantic period-

franz schubert, schumann, hsumann, chopin, Hensel,

melody in the romantic period-

often long and complex, highly expressive, recurring an thematic transformation dissonance is used more freely resolutions are often delayed to create feelings of yearning tension and mystery, wide range of keys and frequent modulations sometimes obscure the sense of an overall tonic or home key

texture in the romantic period-

homophonic, but fluctuations of texture may occur to provide contrasts, a piece may shift gradually or suddenly from one texture to another

forms in the romantic period-

rooted in the classical tradition, but now are more expansive and treated freely, new forms and genres were developed such as symphonic poem, symphonies are typically longer than those of the classical era, less emphasis is placed on balance proportion and resolution of tension than in classical era, works can be very brief or long and monumental

glissando-

is a glide from one pitch to another

polychord-

two or more chords one on top on other

tone cluster-

musical chord comprising three adjacent tones in a scale