AP World History Review (Units 1-9)

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Vasco Da Gama

(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa.

Henry the Navigator

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.

Reconquista

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

Caravel

the making of maps and charts

Cartography

A triangle sail used to sail through the crosswinds

Lateen Sails

an instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets

Astrolabe

"Returning through the sea," a fifteenth-century Portuguese sea route that took advantage of the prevailing winds and currents.

Volta do mar

Spanish Catholic monarchs who unified Spain, sponsored Columbus, Spanish Inquisition, and Reconquista.

Ferdinand and Isabel of Spain

The transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Columbian Exchange

sailing completely around something, such as the world

Circumnavigation

Heavily armed, fast ships that brought luxury goods from China to Mexico and carried silver from Mexico to China.

Manila Galleons

relating to the Eastern Christian Church

Orthodox

Two of the main diseases brought over by the Europeans in the Columbian Exchange

Smallpox/Influenza

A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Martin Luther

Religious movement within the Latin Christian Church that clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.

Catholic Reformation

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Jesuits

a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

Thirty Years' War

A body of representatives that makes laws for a nation

Parliament

separation or balance of powers/3 branches of gov't

Montesquieu

a palace built for Louis XIV outside of Paris

Versailles

king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign marked the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles

Louis XIV

The Russian term for ruler or king; taken from the Roman word caesar.

Tsar (Czar)

czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government

Peter the Great

empress of Russia who continued to Westernize Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia

Catherine the Great

Treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War (1648) and readjusted the religious and political affairs of Europe.

Peace of Westphalia

distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong

Balance of Power

An association of individuals in a business enterprise with transferable shares of stock, much like a corporation except that stockholders are liable for the debts of the business

Joint Stock Companies

economic concept that states the price of a good rises and falls depending on how many people want it and its availability

Supply and Demand

merchants/artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests

Guilds

Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790)

Adam Smith

English mathematician and physicist who devised the laws of motion and gravity

Isaac Newton

believed in a heliocentric conception of the universe.

Nicholas Copernicus

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars

Galileo Galilei

a movement in the 18th century that used reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions

Enlightenment

English philosopher; believed all knowledge is from sensory experience

John Locke

French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment(freedom of speech/religion)

Voltaire

Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas

Salons

A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink.

Printing Press

the first full-sized book printed with movable type and a printing press

Gutenberg Bible

The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning which marked the transition modern European history

Renaissance

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs

Hernan Cortes

settled the valley of Mexico. Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky

Aztecs

Capital of the Aztec Empire, population was about 150,000

Tenochtitlan

last Aztec emperor of the Aztecs

Montezuma

the first island that was found by Christopher Columbus

Hispanola

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

Encomienda

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas

Francisco Pizarro

Highly advanced South American civilization that occupied present-day Peru until it was conquered by Spanish forces under Francisco Pizarro in 1532. The Incas developed sophisticated agricultural techniques, such as terrace farming, in order to sustain large, complex societies in the unforgiving Andes Mountains.

Incas

Spanish soldier in the New World. searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.

Conquistadores

the main house on a ranch or large estate

Hacienda

governor of a province who rules as the representative of his or her king

Viceroy

religious settlements run by Catholic Priests and friars.

Missions

Set the Line of Demarcation, a boundary in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.

Treaty of Tordesillas

first successful settlement in Virginia

Jamestown

descendents of Spanish-born BUT born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status

Creoles

a person of mixed african and european ancestry

Mulatto

Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control.

Mita

Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America

Potosi

a crop that is grown and gathered for the market

Cash Crop

colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a number of years

Indentured Servants

all parts of the world participated in a global trade network in which European's played dominant roles except here

Australia

A document whose purchase was said to grant the bearer the forgiveness of sins

Indulgence

A European economic policy that held that there was a limited amount of wealth available, and that each country must adopt policies to obtain as much wealth as possible for itself; key was the acquisition of colonies

Mercantilism

A government with a king or queen whose power is limited by the power of a parliament

Parliamentary Monarchy

A route through North American that was sought by explorers as a route to trade with Asia

Northwest Passage

A practice of the Ottoman empire to take Christian boys from their home communities to serve as Janissaries

Devshirme

A religious movement that attempted to restore the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church; it resulted in the formation of new Christian denominations

Protestant Reformation

A sovereign area whose people share a common culture and national identity

Nation-state

A way of gaining knowledge by means of direct observation or experience

Empirical Research

A white marble mausoleum built at Agra, India, by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan for his favorite wife

Taj Mahal

A concept that holds that the government should not interfere with or regulate business and industries

Laissez-Faire Economics

An economic system based on private ownership and opportunity for profit-making

Capitalism

French Enlightenment social thinkers

Philosophes

Persons of mixed European and native descent in the Spanish colonies

Mestizos

Those born in Europe living in the Spanish colonies

Peninsulares

Manchurian rule of China in 1644 and lasting until 1914

Qing Dynasty

Members of the Ottoman army, often slaves, who were taken from Christian land

Janissaries

Peoples from northeastern Asia who founded China's Qing dynasty

Manchus

Principles that govern the universe

Natural Laws

Rule by a king or queen whose power is not limited by the constitution

Absolute Monarchy

Rulers who controlled most of India in the 16th and 17th centuries

Mughal Dynasty

Russian nobility

Boyars

Russian-Slavic military that settled Siberia

Cossacks

Self-rule

Sovereignty

came up with concept of the Social Contract

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

The belief of absolute rulers that their right to govern is granted by God

Divine Right

The belief of Protestant reformer John Calvin that God had chosen some people for heaven and others for hell

Predestination

The bloodless overthrow of English King James I and the placement of William and Mary on the English throne

Glorious Revolution

The church in Constantinople that was converted to a mosque after the Ottoman conquest

Hagia Sophia

The concept of God common to the scientific revolution; the god was believed to have set the world in motion and then allowed it to operate by natural laws

Deism

The concept that the sun is the center of the solar system

Heliocentric Revolution

The 18th century network between Europe, Africa, and the Americas

Triangular Trade

The feudal rulers of Japan who moved the capital to Edo and ruled from 1603 to 1868

Tokugawa Shogunate

The Hindu custom of secluding women

Purdah

The portion of the trans-Atlantic trade that involved the transporting of Africans to the Americas

Middle Passage

The practice of the Roman Catholic and other Christian churches of prohibiting the sacraments to those who do not comply with church teachings or practices

Excommunication

The traditional legislative body of France

Estates-General

Work by Martin Luther where he laid out his arguments against the Roman Catholic Church

95 Theses