VCE HHD Unit 1

WHO definition of health

Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.

Wellbeing

An equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged.

Health and wellbeing

A person's physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual existence characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged

Spiritual health and wellbeing

Relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings.

Social health and wellbeing

Relates to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations.

Physical health and wellbeing

Physical health and wellbeing relates to the functioning of the body and its systems, including the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks.

Emotional health and wellbeing

The ability to recognise, understand and effectively manage and express emotions as well as the ability to display resilience

Mental health and wellbeing

Relates to the state of a person's mind or brain and relates to the ability to think and process information.

Health and wellbeing priorities - Youth

* Physical health and wellbeing
* Peer acceptance
* Mental Health

Health and wellbeing priorities - Young children

Set by parents, very limited health literacy

Health and wellbeing priorities - Early Adulthood

* Physical health and wellbeing
* Body image
* Managing emotions

Health and wellbeing priorities - Middle adulthood

Health preventative factors due to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer

Health and wellbeing priorities - Later adulthood

* Mobility
* Cognitive functioning
* Social connections

Health and wellbeing perspectives - Females vs Males

Females have a more holistic view while males focus more on physical health

Health and wellbeing priorities - Females

* Weight loss
* Body image
* Mental Health
* Social Health

Health and wellbeing priorities - Males

* Physical Fitness
* Social Health

Health and wellbeing perspectives - Western culture

* Professional medical practice
* Treatment of symptoms

Health and wellbeing perspectives - Eastern culture

* Treating the whole body
* Qi
* Ayurveda

Qi

Chinese medicine: balance of energy in the body

Ayurveda

Indian medicine: Balance of three elemental energies (fire, water, air)

Socioeconomic status differences in health and wellbeing

Lower socioeconomic status has:

* Lower health literacy
* Higher priority for food, shelter, education
* Less priority of preventative healthcare

Health and wellbeing perspectives - Buddhism

* Achieving clarity of mind
* Balancing of mind and body
* Spiritual health

Health and wellbeing perspectives - Hinduism

* Physical health nurtured through Ayurveda
* Sickness and injury are thought to be caused by karma

Religion perspectives and priorities - Islam

* It is through the commitment of the five pillars that belief and faith are maintained
* For every illness there is a cure, except ageing and dying
* Medicine of the prophet

Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander perspectives - Community

Health and Wellbeing of the whole community is linked

Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander perspectives - Connection to the land

The land is the core of existence. When the harmony of the relationship with the land is disrupted, ill health may occur. This connection to land gives them a sense of identity and belonging

Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander perspectives - Social and Emotional Health and Wellbeing

* Culture
* Community
* Family
* Spirit

Health Status

An individual's or population's overall level of health, taking into account various factors, such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors

Health indicators

Standard statistics that are used to measure and compare health status (e.g. life expectancy, mortality rates, morbidity rates)

Self-assessed health status

An overall measure of a population's health based on a person's own perceptions of their health.

Life expectancy

Indication of how long a person can expect to live if the current death rates stay the same.

Mortality

Refers to the number of deaths caused by a particular disease, illness or other environmental factor

YLL

Years of life lost due to premature death is another way of measuring and comparing mortality.

Morbidity

Refers to ill health (disease, injury, disability) in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group. The morbidity rate is the rate of ill health in a population in a given period.

YLD

Years lost due to disability, where one YLD is equal to one healthy year of life lost due to time lived with disease, injury or disability

YLL vs YLD

YLL and YLD are equal in value, however YLL is caused by premature death and YLD is caused by losing healthy years of life because of living with illness, disease or disability.

Incidence

The number or rate of new cases of a particular condition during a specific time.

Prevalence

The number of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.

Burden of disease

A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability.

DALY

Disability adjusted life years. A measure of burden of disease, =YLL+YLD

Core activity limitation

Refers to needing assistance with self-care, mobility or communication in own language.

Psychological distress

Relates to unpleasant feeling and emotions that affect an individual's level of functioning.

Family Influence on health & wellbeing behaviours

* Controls flow of food
* Access to health services
* Role modelling

Family - Negative impact on health status

* Domestic Violence
* Neglect

Peer group (definition)

Set of individuals of roughly the same age and interests

Peer group - Positive influence on health & wellbeing

* Resilience
* Higher levels of self esteem
* Physical health and wellbeing (based on norms)

Housing (definition)

The building, shelter or accommodation in which people live, which can influence the health and wellbeing of individuals and populations

Housing - Influential factors on health and wellbeing

* Location
* Overcrowding
* Indoor air pollution
* Kitchen facilities

Education - Influence on health & wellbeing behaviours

* Higher health literacy

Employment - Influence on health & wellbeing behaviours

* Increases income for preventative healthcare
* Might be dangerous

Impact of lower income on Health and Wellbeing

* Higher rates of stress & anxiety
* Working more hours
* Reduced socialisation

Consequences of an inability to access health & wellbeing information and support services

* Misdiagnosis of illness
* Delayed treatment
* Inappropriate advice

Higher health literacy

Knowledge that allows youth to modify their lifestyle to be healthier

Nutrients

Substances found in food that are required for growth and maintenance of body systems.

Macronutrients

Nutrients required in large amounts

* Carbohydrates
* Trans, saturated and unsaturated fats
* Proteins


* Water

Micronutrients

Nutrients required in small amounts

* Vitamins and Minerals

Functions of carbohydrates

* Preferred form of energy of the body
* Easier to break down

Sources of carbohydrates

* Cereals
* Grains
* Fruits
* Vegetables
* Pasta
* Breads
* Sugars

Functions of fibre

* Provides a feeling of fullness
* Reduces cholesterol
* Prevents constipation
* Absorbs water

Functions of proteins

* Repairs and replaces body cells
* Acts as secondary energy source

Sources of protein

* Lean meat
* Fish
* Soybeans & Legumes
* Eggs

Protein deficiency

* Hunger
* Muscle wasting

Short term consequences of excess saturated and trans fat consumption

* Increases cholesterol
* Fatty deposits in arteries

Sources of saturated and trans fats

* Processed foods
* Fatty meat
* Milk

Functions of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats

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* “Good fats”
* Reduces risk of cardiovascular disease
* Reduces LDL (Cholesterol)

Sources of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats

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* Olive oil
* Avocado
* Nuts
* Fish

Purpose of water

* Used as a medium for chemical reactions required to provide energy
* Component of blood

Sources of water

* Lettuce
* Apple
* Watermelon

Functions of calcium

* Building of hard tissue

Sources of calcium

* Dairy products
* Leafy green vegetables
* Fortified soy milk

Calcium deficiency

Osteoporosis

Sodium

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* Plays a role in the regulation of blood pressure, blood volume and body fluids
* Regulates balance of fluids in and out of the cells

Sources of sodium

* Salt
* Olives
* Processed foods
* Cheese

Excess sodium

* High blood pressure
* Heart Failure
* Stroke

Functions of Iron

* Component of blood
* Allows blood to carry oxygen

Sources of iron

* Red meat
* Eggs
* Nuts & seeds
* Leafy green vegetables

Iron deficiency

* Anemia
* Tiredness
* Weakness
* Irritability
* Headaches
* Females are often expected to have higher rates due to Iron lost during mensuration

Functions of Vitamin D

* Absorption of calcium
* Bone growth

Sources of Vitamin D

* Fish
* Cheese
* Egg yolks

Vitamin D deficiency

Weak bones

Functions of Vitamin C

* Strengthens immune system
* Promotes absorption of iron

Sources of Vitamin C

* Kiwi fruit
* Broccoli
* Oranges
* Tomatoes

Vitamin C deficiency

* Scurvy
* Anemia
* Iron deficiency

Functions of Vitamins B1, B2 & B3

Metabolism & releasing energy from carbohydrates

Sources of Vitamins B1, B2 & B3

* Vegemite
* Wholegrain cereals and breads
* Dark-green leafy vegetables
* Meat

Vitamins B1, B2 & B3 deficiency

* Lack of energy
* Slowed growth

Functions of Vitamin B9 (Folate)

Helps DNA synthesis

Sources of folate

* Green leafy vegetables
* Citrus fruits
* Cereals, breads and fruit juices fortified with folic acid

The Australian Guide To Healthy Eating (AGHE)

A federal government initiative that visually represent the proportion of the five food groups recommended for consumption each day.

Strengths of the AGHE

* Simple visual guide
* The five food groups can be easily understood and recognised.
* Looks like a plate

The Health Star Rating System

An optional labelling system that assigns packaged foods a rating from ½ a star to 5 stars based on protective vs risk nutrients.

Strength of the health star rating system

Simple visuals guide to use while shopping, to make identifying a healthier product easier.

The Healthy Eating Pyramid

* Developed by Nutrition Australia (NGO)
* 4 levels of food
* Pyramid

Strengths of the healthy eating pyramid

* Addresses Healthy Fats


* Shows herbs and spices as alternatives to salt and sugar
* Says “Be Active”

Glycemic Index (GI)

Ranks how quickly or slowly carbohydrate foods affect blood glucose levels.

Nutritionist vs Dietitian

* Dietitians are regulated by the Government


* Nutritionists are better for health promotion etc. (community)

Nutrition advice - Internet

Use REAL strategy

Nutrition advice - Television and news

* Usually supported by new dietary advice
* Not qualified to provide nutrition advice
* Often sensationalised

Nutrition advice - Magazines

* Some use professionals
* Consider authors credentials
* Check references

Immersive marketing

A technique that involves seamlessly integrating advertising into a complete experience for the consumer