WHO definition of health
Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.
Wellbeing
An equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged.
Health and wellbeing
A person's physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual existence characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged
Spiritual health and wellbeing
Relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings.
Social health and wellbeing
Relates to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations.
Physical health and wellbeing
Physical health and wellbeing relates to the functioning of the body and its systems, including the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks.
Emotional health and wellbeing
The ability to recognise, understand and effectively manage and express emotions as well as the ability to display resilience
Mental health and wellbeing
Relates to the state of a person's mind or brain and relates to the ability to think and process information.
Health and wellbeing priorities - Youth
Physical health and wellbeing
Peer acceptance
Mental Health
Health and wellbeing priorities - Young children
Set by parents, very limited health literacy
Health and wellbeing priorities - Early Adulthood
Physical health and wellbeing
Body image
Managing emotions
Health and wellbeing priorities - Middle adulthood
Health preventative factors due to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer
Health and wellbeing priorities - Later adulthood
Mobility
Cognitive functioning
Social connections
Health and wellbeing perspectives - Females vs Males
Females have a more holistic view while males focus more on physical health
Health and wellbeing priorities - Females
Weight loss
Body image
Mental Health
Social Health
Health and wellbeing priorities - Males
Physical Fitness
Social Health
Health and wellbeing perspectives - Western culture
Professional medical practice
Treatment of symptoms
Health and wellbeing perspectives - Eastern culture
Treating the whole body
Qi
Ayurveda
Qi
Chinese medicine: balance of energy in the body
Ayurveda
Indian medicine: Balance of three elemental energies (fire, water, air)
Socioeconomic status differences in health and wellbeing
Lower socioeconomic status has:
Lower health literacy
Higher priority for food, shelter, education
Less priority of preventative healthcare
Health and wellbeing perspectives - Buddhism
Achieving clarity of mind
Balancing of mind and body
Spiritual health
Health and wellbeing perspectives - Hinduism
Physical health nurtured through Ayurveda
Sickness and injury are thought to be caused by karma
Religion perspectives and priorities - Islam
It is through the commitment of the five pillars that belief and faith are maintained
For every illness there is a cure, except ageing and dying
Medicine of the prophet
Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander perspectives - Community
Health and Wellbeing of the whole community is linked
Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander perspectives - Connection to the land
The land is the core of existence. When the harmony of the relationship with the land is disrupted, ill health may occur. This connection to land gives them a sense of identity and belonging
Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander perspectives - Social and Emotional Health and Wellbeing
Culture
Community
Family
Spirit
Health Status
An individual's or population's overall level of health, taking into account various factors, such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors
Health indicators
Standard statistics that are used to measure and compare health status (e.g. life expectancy, mortality rates, morbidity rates)
Self-assessed health status
An overall measure of a population's health based on a person's own perceptions of their health.
Life expectancy
Indication of how long a person can expect to live if the current death rates stay the same.
Mortality
Refers to the number of deaths caused by a particular disease, illness or other environmental factor
YLL
Years of life lost due to premature death is another way of measuring and comparing mortality.
Morbidity
Refers to ill health (disease, injury, disability) in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group. The morbidity rate is the rate of ill health in a population in a given period.
YLD
Years lost due to disability, where one YLD is equal to one healthy year of life lost due to time lived with disease, injury or disability
YLL vs YLD
YLL and YLD are equal in value, however YLL is caused by premature death and YLD is caused by losing healthy years of life because of living with illness, disease or disability.
Incidence
The number or rate of new cases of a particular condition during a specific time.
Prevalence
The number of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.
Burden of disease
A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability.
DALY
Disability adjusted life years. A measure of burden of disease, =YLL+YLD
Core activity limitation
Refers to needing assistance with self-care, mobility or communication in own language.
Psychological distress
Relates to unpleasant feeling and emotions that affect an individual's level of functioning.
Family Influence on health & wellbeing behaviours
Controls flow of food
Access to health services
Role modelling
Family - Negative impact on health status
Domestic Violence
Neglect
Peer group (definition)
Set of individuals of roughly the same age and interests
Peer group - Positive influence on health & wellbeing
Resilience
Higher levels of self esteem
Physical health and wellbeing (based on norms)
Housing (definition)
The building, shelter or accommodation in which people live, which can influence the health and wellbeing of individuals and populations
Housing - Influential factors on health and wellbeing
Location
Overcrowding
Indoor air pollution
Kitchen facilities
Education - Influence on health & wellbeing behaviours
Higher health literacy
Employment - Influence on health & wellbeing behaviours
Increases income for preventative healthcare
Might be dangerous
Impact of lower income on Health and Wellbeing
Higher rates of stress & anxiety
Working more hours
Reduced socialisation
Consequences of an inability to access health & wellbeing information and support services
Misdiagnosis of illness
Delayed treatment
Inappropriate advice
Higher health literacy
Knowledge that allows youth to modify their lifestyle to be healthier
Nutrients
Substances found in food that are required for growth and maintenance of body systems.
Macronutrients
Nutrients required in large amounts
Carbohydrates
Trans, saturated and unsaturated fats
Proteins
Water
Micronutrients
Nutrients required in small amounts
Vitamins and Minerals
Functions of carbohydrates
Preferred form of energy of the body
Easier to break down
Sources of carbohydrates
Cereals
Grains
Fruits
Vegetables
Pasta
Breads
Sugars
Functions of fibre
Provides a feeling of fullness
Reduces cholesterol
Prevents constipation
Absorbs water
Functions of proteins
Repairs and replaces body cells
Acts as secondary energy source
Sources of protein
Lean meat
Fish
Soybeans & Legumes
Eggs
Protein deficiency
Hunger
Muscle wasting
Short term consequences of excess saturated and trans fat consumption
Increases cholesterol
Fatty deposits in arteries
Sources of saturated and trans fats
Processed foods
Fatty meat
Milk
Functions of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats
“Good fats”
Reduces risk of cardiovascular disease
Reduces LDL (Cholesterol)
Sources of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats
Olive oil
Avocado
Nuts
Fish
Purpose of water
Used as a medium for chemical reactions required to provide energy
Component of blood
Sources of water
Lettuce
Apple
Watermelon
Functions of calcium
Building of hard tissue
Sources of calcium
Dairy products
Leafy green vegetables
Fortified soy milk
Calcium deficiency
Osteoporosis
Sodium
Plays a role in the regulation of blood pressure, blood volume and body fluids
Regulates balance of fluids in and out of the cells
Sources of sodium
Salt
Olives
Processed foods
Cheese
Excess sodium
High blood pressure
Heart Failure
Stroke
Functions of Iron
Component of blood
Allows blood to carry oxygen
Sources of iron
Red meat
Eggs
Nuts & seeds
Leafy green vegetables
Iron deficiency
Anemia
Tiredness
Weakness
Irritability
Headaches
Females are often expected to have higher rates due to Iron lost during mensuration
Functions of Vitamin D
Absorption of calcium
Bone growth
Sources of Vitamin D
Fish
Cheese
Egg yolks
Vitamin D deficiency
Weak bones
Functions of Vitamin C
Strengthens immune system
Promotes absorption of iron
Sources of Vitamin C
Kiwi fruit
Broccoli
Oranges
Tomatoes
Vitamin C deficiency
Scurvy
Anemia
Iron deficiency
Functions of Vitamins B1, B2 & B3
Metabolism & releasing energy from carbohydrates
Sources of Vitamins B1, B2 & B3
Vegemite
Wholegrain cereals and breads
Dark-green leafy vegetables
Meat
Vitamins B1, B2 & B3 deficiency
Lack of energy
Slowed growth
Functions of Vitamin B9 (Folate)
Helps DNA synthesis
Sources of folate
Green leafy vegetables
Citrus fruits
Cereals, breads and fruit juices fortified with folic acid
The Australian Guide To Healthy Eating (AGHE)
A federal government initiative that visually represent the proportion of the five food groups recommended for consumption each day.
Strengths of the AGHE
Simple visual guide
The five food groups can be easily understood and recognised.
Looks like a plate
The Health Star Rating System
An optional labelling system that assigns packaged foods a rating from ½ a star to 5 stars based on protective vs risk nutrients.
Strength of the health star rating system
Simple visuals guide to use while shopping, to make identifying a healthier product easier.
The Healthy Eating Pyramid
Developed by Nutrition Australia (NGO)
4 levels of food
Pyramid
Strengths of the healthy eating pyramid
Addresses Healthy Fats
Shows herbs and spices as alternatives to salt and sugar
Says “Be Active”
Glycemic Index (GI)
Ranks how quickly or slowly carbohydrate foods affect blood glucose levels.
Nutritionist vs Dietitian
Dietitians are regulated by the Government
Nutritionists are better for health promotion etc. (community)
Nutrition advice - Internet
Use REAL strategy
Nutrition advice - Television and news
Usually supported by new dietary advice
Not qualified to provide nutrition advice
Often sensationalised
Nutrition advice - Magazines
Some use professionals
Consider authors credentials
Check references
Immersive marketing
A technique that involves seamlessly integrating advertising into a complete experience for the consumer