unit 2 anatomy

histology

the study of microscopic body tissue

compact bone tissue

ring shaped

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

looks multilayered

adipose tissue

no visible nucleus

cardiac muscle

striated, darkened intercalated discs

nervous tissue

long projections

connective blood tissue

divit in middle of cells

simple cuboidal epithelium

nucleus in middle, cube-shaped cells, cells close together

simple tissue

single layered

stratified

multi layered (like the skin)

functions of epithelial tissue

protection, absorption, filtration and secretion

eipdermis layers

- stratum basale
- stratum spinosum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum lucidum (only in palms and foot soles)
- stratum corneum

dermis layers

reticular
papillary

reticular layer

blood vessels, sweat and oil glands

papillary layer

capillaries

skin layers

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

function of a sebaceous gland

produce oil/sebum for skin and hair lubrication; kills bacteria

function of a sudoriferous gland

produces sweat to increase heat loss, excrete waste, and prevent bacteria

melanocyte

skin pigment- produces melanin

melanoma

skin cancer

nail diagram

first degree burn

only epidermis
skin red and swolen

second degree burn

epitermis and superficial layer of dermis
skin red with blisters

third degree burn

destroys entire skin layer; burned area painless
colored grey/white or black

wound healing steps

inflammation
granulation tissue forms
regeneration/ fibrosis

inflammation

capillaries become permiable, clotting proteins migrate to areas from blood stream, clot walls off injured area

granulation tissue forms

growth of new capillaries, rebuild collagen fibers

regeneration

replacement of destroyed tissue by the same type of cells

fibrosis

repaired by dense (fibrous) connective sissue (scar tissue)

the rule of nines

method to determine extent of burns
body divided into 11 areas each representing 9% of body area
critical if:
- over 25% of body has 2nd degree burns
- over 10% of body has 3rd degree burns
- 3rd degree burns on face, hands, or feet

ABCDE method

Asymmetry - sides of mole doesnt match
Border irregularity - borders not smooth
Color - different colors in pigmented areas
Diameter - spot larger than 6mm in diameter
Evolving - mark changes over time

basale cell carcinoma

least malignant, most common, overlaps deepest layer pf epidermis

squamous cell carcinoma

can metastisize to lymph nodes; sun-induced

malignant carcinoma

most deadly, occurs in melanocytes, metastasizes quickly to lymph nodes and blood vessels

pseudostratified

looks multilayered but is simple

squamous

flattened

cuboidal

cube-like

columnar

column-like

ciliated

material movement (projections)

nonciliated

absorption and secretion

extracellular matrix

nonliving material that surrounds living cells
binds tissues, body support, protection, etc.

blood

extracellular matrix = plasma
transport gases and nutrients

bone (osseous tissue)

bone cells (osteocytes) in lacunae (cavities)
protect and support body

cartilage

hyaline - most common, rubbery- nose, trachea, larynx, fetal skeleton
elastic (earlobe)
fibrocartilage (vertabrae discs)

Dense CT

tendons, ligaments, dermis

loose CT

adipose tissue provides protection ,insulation, and energy storage

skeletal muscle

straiated, multinucleated, long, cylindrical
voluntary, pulls on bone and skin

cardiac muscle

straited, single nuclei, cells connected by intercalated discs
involuntary - heart

smooth muscle

no visible straitions, single nucleus, spindle shaped cells
involuntary, organ and blood vessel walls

nervous tissue

neurons and nerves support cells
large matrix with well-shaped bodies
send impulses to other areas of body

hypodermis

not technically skin, anchors to underlying organs
mostly adiopse loose CT tissue

hair

hair produced by follicle; hard, keratinized epithelial cells
arrector pili muscle pulls hair up when cold

erythrocytes

red blood cells, carry oxygen from lungs and CO2 to lungs

benign

doesnt spread

malignant

metastisized, spreads