Unit 1: EVM

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55 Terms

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<p>Rock cycle</p>

Rock cycle

The rock cycle describes the processes through which the three main rock types transform from one type into another.

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<p>Igneous rocks</p>

Igneous rocks

Igneous rocks are made from liquid magma

  • Magma cools to form solid rock

  • Mineral crystal sometimes present, size depends on cooling

  • No fossil present

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What are the three types of igneous rocks?

Extrusive, Intrusive, Plutonic

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Examples of igneous rocks

<p></p>
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<p>Sedimentary Rock</p>

Sedimentary Rock

  • Made from other rock fragments

  • Rock fragments become buried and increased pressure forms a rock

  • No crystal

  • Fossil maybe present

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Examples of sedimentary rocks

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<p>Metamorphic rocks</p>

Metamorphic rocks

  • Metamorphic rocks are created by existing rocks when heat or pressure 

  • Mineral crystals are present

  • No fossils

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Examples of metamorphic rocks

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Common metamorphic rocks

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Lava

Magma that reaches the earth’s surface

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Question 1: What stone results when magma cools and crystallizes slowly within the Earth's crust?

Plutonic or intrusive rocks

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Question 2: What rocks are metamorphic rocks built or created from?

From existing rocks

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Why are sedimentary rocks very compact and hard

Due to the sediments being buried deeply layer by layer.

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minerals vs rocks

  • Minerals have the same chemical composition throughout. ( Graphite – C ). 

  • Rocks are simply a combination of 2 or more of different minerals.

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<p>Mineral</p>

Mineral

Naturally formed, inorganic solid that has a definite crystalline structure

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Question: What is in magma?

Minerals

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Magma composition

<p></p>
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Silicates

Minerals that are made of a silicon—oxygen bond. 90% of all minerals are silicates.
e.g. quartz, mica and feldspar

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Earth’s most common minerals

Feldspar, quartz, mica

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Feldspar

  • Makes up 60% of the Earth’s crust.

  • Hardness = 6

  • Pearly luster.

  • Usually pink or white.

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Quartz

  • 2nd most common mineral.

  • Hardness = 7

  • Glassy luster.

  • Many colors, usually white.

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Mica

  • Breaks in sheets.

  • Hardness = 2.5

  • Flat, shiny sheets

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Mineral must be:

  • Naturally occurring made from non-living things,
    (Fossils come from dead organisms, so they aren’t minerals.)

  • Not man-made

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Minerals must be: (cont.)

  • Solid

  • Have a fixed shape and volume

  • Never living- inorganic

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Minerals must be: (cont.)

  • Have a definite crystal structure

  • particles line up in a regular, repeating pattern.

  • flat sides called faces, that meet at sharp edges and corners.

<ul><li><p><span>Have a definite crystal structure</span></p></li><li><p><span>particles line up in a regular, repeating pattern.</span></p></li><li><p><span>flat sides called faces, that meet at sharp edges and corners.</span></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Minerals must be: (cont.)

  • A definite chemical composition

  • Always contains certain elements in the same proportion.


Almost all minerals are compounds, (two or more different elements chemically joined).

<ul><li><p><span>A definite chemical composition</span></p></li><li><p><span>Always contains certain elements in the same proportion.</span></p></li></ul><p><br>❖ <span>Almost all minerals are compounds, (two or more different elements chemically joined).</span></p>
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Basic mineral requirements

  • All minerals must:

    •  Occur naturally in nature

    • Inorganic solid

    • Crystal structure

    • Definite chemical composition

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<p><strong>Question 1:</strong> Are pearls minerals?</p>

Question 1: Are pearls minerals?

Pearls are not minerals because it does not have a distinctive crystal structure and it is formed by the action of a living organism.

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Question 2: Is coal a mineral

Coal is not a mineral because it comes from organic materials.
Coal forms when dead plants and animals are compressed underground for millions of years.

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Question 3: Is salt a mineral?

Salt a crystalline mineral that is composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl); a chemical compound.

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Properties used to identify minerals

  • Color — what color is it?

  • Luster way a mineral shines 

  • Streak does it leave a streak if rubbed on a white tile?

  • Hardness use Mohs’ Hardness scale from 1 to 10.

  • Cleavage how does it break?

mnemonic: Cats Like Soft Hairy Couches

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Color

  • Most easily observed property.

  • Least useful for ID.

  • Minerals can have impurities or come in a variety of colors.

  • Helpful for elimination.

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Luster

  • The way a mineral reflects light.


    Either metallic or nonmetallic

    𝑵𝒐𝒏-𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒄:

  • Vitreous — Glassy.

  • Pearly — like a pearl

  • Resinous — Waxy, plastic

  • Adamantine — very hard to break

  • Dull — no reflection

.𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒄:

  • Metallic — like a metal

<ul><li><p>The way a mineral reflects light.</p><p><br>Either <strong>metallic</strong> or <strong>nonmetallic</strong>.&nbsp;</p><p></p><p>𝑵𝒐𝒏-𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒄:</p></li><li><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 156, 203)"><strong>Vitreous</strong></span> — Glassy.</p></li><li><p><span style="color: green"><strong>Pearly</strong></span> — like a pearl</p></li><li><p><span style="color: rgb(255, 5, 174)"><strong>Resinous</strong></span> — Waxy, plastic</p></li><li><p><span style="color: rgb(249, 95, 0)"><strong>Adamantine</strong></span> — very hard to break</p></li><li><p><span style="color: rgb(163, 166, 11)"><strong>Dull</strong></span> — no reflection</p></li></ul><p></p><p>         .𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒄:</p><ul><li><p><span style="color: #8900ff"><strong>Metallic</strong></span><span><strong> </strong></span>— like a metal</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Streak

  • The color of its powder

  • Rub on white tile to find the streak

Streak of metallic mineral is usually the color of the mineral.

Streak of non-metallic mineral is usually colorless or white.

<ul><li><p>The color of its powder</p></li><li><p>Rub on white tile to find the streak</p></li></ul><p><span>Streak of </span><span style="color: #ce00ff"><strong>metallic</strong></span><span> mineral is usually the color of the mineral.</span></p><p><span>Streak of </span><span style="color: green"><strong>non-metallic</strong> </span><span>mineral is usually colorless or white.</span></p><p></p>
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Hardness

  •     A measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched

    Hardest mineral

  • diamond

    Softest mineral

  • talc

<p></p><ul><li><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched<br></p><p><span style="color: purple"><strong><u>Hardest mineral</u></strong></span></p></li><li><p>diamond<br></p><p><span style="color: purple"><strong><u>Softest mineral</u></strong></span></p></li><li><p>talc</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Mohs Hardness Scale

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Cleavage

  • The way a mineral breaks.  

  • May be none, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 6 dir

  • Or an absence of cleavage is called fracture.

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Fracture

Absense of cleavage

<p>Absense of cleavage </p>
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Properties of Minerals

Density

  • Minerals will have a certain density regardless of the size of the sample.

  • Each mineral has its own density called specific gravity


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Acid Test

Putting acid on the mineral to see if there is a reaction (effervescing).

<p><span>Putting acid on the mineral to see if there is a reaction (<strong>effervescing</strong>).</span></p>
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Special Properties

  • Magnetism

  • Glowing under UV light

  • Double refraction

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Double refraction

Splits lines in two

<p>Splits lines in two</p>
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Question 1: Are bricks rocks

No, bricks are not rocks. Rocks are formed naturally through erosion and weathering.

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Question 2: Are glaciers rocks?

Yes, glaciers are rocks. They are naturally occurring (not man-made), solid, and they can form large deposits. Snow, lake ice, and glaciers fit the definition

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Rocks classification

  • Texture

  • Grain

  • Minerals

  • Color

  • Origin of rocks

mnemonic: Tough Granite Makes Cool Objects

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Texture

  • Texture is how a rock looks and feels

  • texture in rocks is determined by the size, shape, and pattern of a rocks grains.

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Grain

  • Size, is it large or small?

  • Shape, smooth, rough, round, jagged?

  • Pattern – rows, waves, swirls, beads or random patterns

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Mineral composition

Rocks are made up of more than one mineral

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Color

Color rocks come in all sorts of colors

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How are rocks formed

  • magma

  • erosion and layering

  • heat and pressure

<p></p><ul><li><p>magma</p></li><li><p>erosion and layering</p></li><li><p>heat and pressure</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Origin of igneous rocks

Igneous rocks are formed from the cooling of magma or lava

<p><strong>Igneous rocks</strong><span style="color: rgb(180, 221, 30)"><strong> </strong></span>are formed from the cooling of magma or lava</p>
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Origin of sedimentary rocks

Sedimentary rocks are formed from other rocks that are broken into small particles and moved by erosion (wind or water)

  • The particles are squeezed or cemented together 

  • Rocks are layered

<p><span><strong>Sedimentary rocks</strong> are formed from other rocks that are broken into small particles and moved by erosion (wind or water)</span></p><ul><li><p><span>The particles are squeezed or cemented together&nbsp;</span></p></li><li><p><span>Rocks are layered</span></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Origin of metamorphic rocks

Metamorphic rocks are formed from other rocks

  • Rocks have been pushed deep into the earth’s crust

  • Pressure from the earth above and heat from the mantle below cause them to change shape, color, grain and crystal structure

<p><span><strong>Metamorphic rocks</strong> are formed from other rocks</span></p><ul><li><p><span>Rocks have been pushed deep into the earth’s crust</span></p></li><li><p><span>Pressure from the earth above and heat from the mantle below cause them to change shape, color, grain and crystal structure</span></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Rock identification chart

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