Biology Ch. 8 & 9 - Biological Membranes

Photosynthesis

The process of converting light into energy

Photoautotrophs

Organisms that perform photosynthesis
Ex) Plants, Algae

Integrins

Embedded in the membrane

Heterotrophs

Consumes other organisms for energy
Ex) Animals, Humans

Peripheral Proteins

They help with structure and recognition sites, only located on the outside/inside of the membrane (never in the middle).

Carbohydrates

They are used for identification, located on the outside of proteins or lipids

Ex) They are like the fingerprints, cells look at the carbohydrate patterns

Selective Permeability

The ability to let specific things in and specific things out to keep the inside different from the outside

1. Things that move easily;

   1. Nonpolar substances

   2. Hydrophobic substances (Lipid-soluble substances)

   3. Low molecular weight

2. Things that do not move easily;

   1. Polar substances

   2. Hydrophilic substances

   3. High molecular weight

   4. Charged ions

Chemoautotrophs

Organisms that consume inorganic compounds for energy
Ex) Bacteria that consumes heat for energy

Passive Transport

Doesn’t require energy, and things move with the grain via diffusion and concentration. They try to balance the two sides of the membrane

Active Transport

Does require energy and things move against the grain

Concentration

How many things is in the cell

Tonicity

The solute concentrations in comparison to something else

Hypertonic Solution

The solution is more concentrated than the cell

Isotonic

The solution is as concentrated as the cell

Hypotonic

The solution is less concentrated as the cell

Facilitated Diffusion

Things are aided to move with the help of proteins

Channel Proteins

They make a channel/tunnel so the substance can flow right through

Carrier Proteins

They capture the substance within their sites and move them into the cell

Active Transport

Carrier proteins pump the substances in and out of the protein

Primary Active Transport

Secondary Active Transport

Osmosis

Water moves from low concentration to high concentration