Lecture 22 - Exam3 - Part 1

Mongol empire expansion

Expanded from china to Eastern Europe

Principal Muslim sultanate in northern India

Delhi sultanate

Becomes first Muslim country

India

Delhi sultanate

First Islamic sultanate

Now long did Delhi sultanate last

Over 200 years

What does the victory tower mark (qutb Minar)

The change from Hindu rule to Islamic side

Built from 30 existing Hindu temples

Qutb minar complex

Wanted to build another what at Qutb minar but didn't because it was too large

Minaret, was called alai minar

Gateway at Qutb minar complex

Alai darwaza

Carvings in Qubt minar complex indicate

Hindu and Jain architectural influence

Timur/tamerlane was part of what empire

Turco-mongol

Creates timurid empire

Timur / Tamerlane

Cities in timurid

Samarkand, Herat

What did timur gain

All of Persia

Timur

Tamerlane

Resting place of Timur

Gur-e-amir mausoleum

What was atypical of gur-e-amir mausoleum for the Persian area

Had lots of blue tile

Bibi khanum mosque

Major mosque connected to a smaller one by q courtyard

Language of Mughal empire

Persian

Descendent of timurid mongols (turco -mongol)

Mughal empire

What does Mughal mean in Arabic and Persian

The mongol or Mongolian

First Mughal emperor

Babur

Mughal empire founded in

Agra

Where did Mughal empire move under shah jahan

Delhi sultanate

Who lost and regained the Delhi sultanate

Humayan

Greatest Mughal emperor

Akbar, grandson of Babur

Mughal empire sought integrate

Hindus and Muslims into united Indian state

Mughal empire decline begins

Late in region of Aurangzeb

Founder of Mughal

Babur

Babur parents

Mom’s side from chingiz khan

Dads side from Timur

Mughal architecture

Architecture of self representation and universal appeal

One of the most creative and rich architectural periods

Mughal empire

Iwans

Gateways into central architecture in India marked by sultanate style

Why did Mughals feel strong need to assert status

They were a minority group ruling vast territory

Earliest phase of Islamic architecture in India was marked by

The sultanate style

Sultanate style follows

A distinctive set ofrules

Mughal style refers to

Extraordinary architecture activities ofmughal empire

Who built humayuhn'S tomb

His wife

What does humayuhn tomb sit on

A platform, tomb is lifted above ground

Where do tombs have to reside

Garden

Plan of humayuhn tomb

Nine-fold plan

Nine-fold plan

Hash bihist

Emperor after humayun

Akbar

One of the few Islamic rulers who's not purely orthodox

Akbar

Akbar know for meeting with who

Jesuits

Akbar was tolerant of

Religion

What did Akbar allow Hindus to do

Convert back to Hinduism

Fatehpur sikri

Capital complex of Mughal empire with palaces and mosques

Tomb of Akbar

Built by jahangir and raised above ground

Jahangir

Akbar'S son

Name for jahangir

World seizer

Why was jahangir the most notable mongol emperor

Because of his connection to the west

What did the English bring jahangir and why

They would bring gifts of paintings and things because they thought they were superior

What did jahangir do to the English

Toy with them to prove they weren't superior

Nur jahan

One of Jahangir'S wives

What about jahangirs tomb is special

It doesn't have a dome or tiered hierarchy, end of that

Its open to the sky, about direct connection to sky and heavens

What is always in the gardens of tombs

Always a water source such as a fountain

Pietra dura

Inlay technique of using cut and fitted highly polished colored stones (usually marble) to create images and mosaics, typical at time of mongol

What's different abt Taj Mahal location

Tomb that doesn't sit in middle of garden like normal instead it sits along a river

Taj Mahal

tomb for jahangir'S son

What is at the center of taj mahal'S garden

A pool

What did taj Mahal replicate

A grid as in humayun tomb

Taj Mahal built by for who

By shar jahan for his favorite queen/wife mumtaz mahal

What was Taj Mahal known as in its time

Rauza-i-munavvara or illuminated tomb

Tm lighting

Can change colors with lighting throughout the day

Tm dome

Double shelled

Where are Tm tombs

Directly underneath just really low in ground

What was built near Tm

Wealthy built summer palaces lining the same river

Tm theory

That shah jahan was gonna build another tomb directly across river from Tm made of black marble

Chahar-bagh

Hallmark of Islamic gardens

Chahar-bagh 4 part garden with axial walkways intersecting at garden center became

Powerful metaphor for organization and domestication of landscape due torts high structured geometrical scheme

Chahar-bagh 4 part garden was symbol foo for

Political territory

4 part garden of chahar-bagh

How early gardens were planned

Early landscape architects

Representations of gardens and landscapes in Islamic manuscripts

Landscapes for hunting

Would capture animals and release them in an enclosed area so sultan could hunt in peace

The gardens of paradise

Garden replete with evergreen und fruit bearing trees, 4 rivers, celestial virgins, etc

Pond of abundance

Pool in middle of gardens of paradise

Garden of pasargadae

Tomb of Cyrus the great

First use of char-bagh

Garden of pasargadae

Why were pools of water placed around the garden of pasargadae

To keep cool as breezes go over the water and into enclosed spaces

Now did they get water in garden of pasargadae

From up in mountains through channels