Studied by 10 people
simony
sale of church officies → example: in 1487 the pope sold 24 offices
pluralism
an official holding more than one office at a time → challenged unification of Europe
nepotism
favouring family members in the appointment of Church offices
Leo X and Clement VII were sons of Medici rulers (both popes)
Pope Paul III made two of his grandsons cardinals
absenteeism
an official not participating in benefices but recieving payment and privlieges
sale of indulgences
people paying money to the Church to absolve their sins or sins of their loved ones
clergical ignorance
many priests were virtually illiterate → not all priests were actually reading the texts → abused power
Lollards
followers of John Wyclif saying that the Bible was the sole authority and stressed personal communication with God, diminished importance of sacraments and translated the Bible into English
Erasmus, In Praise of Folly
critizied corruption in the church and hypocrisy of the clergy → layed the egg that Luther hatched
Christian humanism
in Northern Renaissance this idea critized church and wanted reform of the church
Martin Luther
was a monk who wanted reform of the church, very against indulgences, wrote the 95 Theses
Johann Tetzel
was authorized by Pope Leo X to sell indulgences
95 Thesis
Luther’s document critizing the selling of indulgences and questioning the pope’s authority to grant indulgences, spread through help of the printing press
“priesthood of all believers”
the church consisted of this, it was not a hierarchal structure
Diet of Worms
a tribunal of the Holy Roman Empire with power to outlaw and sentence execution through stake burning, Martin Luther went through this during his execution
Confessions of Augsburg
written by Luther’s friend, Philip Melanchthon, supposed to be a compromise statement to unite Lutheran and Catholic princes of the HR
Charles V
emperor of HRE, sought to stop Protestantism and preserve the hegemony of Catholicism, wanted to maintain religous unity in Europe → was too preoccupied with Ottoman Turks in Hungary
German Peasants War
series of violent revolutions across HRE → many peasants inspired by Lutheranism and wanted to fight for religous rights and economic equality
Twelve Artilces
German peasants demanded an end of serfdom and tithes, and other practices of feudalism that oppressed the peasantry
League of Schmalkalden
was formed by newly Protestant princes to defend themselves against Charles V’s drive to re-Catholicize Germany, alliance to push Lutheranism. France allied with the league b/c Charles V was a threat to France
Peace if Augsburg, 1555
temporarily ended the struggle in Germany over Lutheranism → princes in Germany could choose either Protestantism or Catholicism → Germany was not unified until 1871
Anabaptists
it was a voluntary association of believers with no connection or allegiance to any state → rejected secular agreements, wanted adult baptism, considered a radical group that took control of Münster
Tragedy at Münster
combined armies of Protestand and Catholic forces captured the city and executed Anabaptist leader → banded together b/c they saw it as a threat
Ulrich Zwingli, Zurich
A student of humanism who preached from Erasmus’ edition of the New Greek Testament → Adopted Lutheranism and established that amounted to a theocracy in Zurich.
He saw Eucharist as only symbolic, disagreeing with Luther → split with Luther over this
John Calvin
A Frenchman who was influcenced by humanism, Erasmus, and Luther. Was exiled to Switzerland due to religious reforms.
Institues of the Christian Religion
Calvin’s foundational work for Calvanism
predestination
Since God is all-knowing, He already knows who is going to Heaven and who is destined for Hell
Geneva
Where Calvin established a theocracy → Became home to Protestant exiles from England, Scotland, and France who later returned to their countries with Calvanist ideas
Consistory
A judiciary made up of layelders had the power to impose harsh penalties for those who did not follow God’s law
Micheal Servestus
A Unitarian humanist from Spain, was burned at the stake in 1553 for his denial of the Trinity
Protestant work ethic
Calvanists later emphasized the importance of hard work and accompanying financial success as a sign that God was pleased
John Knox
established Presbyterianism
Presbyterianism
governed the church → became the dominant religion in Scotland
Huguenots
French Calvanists: brutally surpressed in France → especially strong among nobility
Dutch Reformed Church
developed in the United Procinces of the Netherlands → rise of Calvanism in the Netherlands set the stage for a revolt against the Inquisition of King Philip II of Spain
Puritans
Protestant groupd in England → established colonies in America
English Reformation
Lollards still existed in English regions, Tyndale helped set stage
William Tyndale
a humanist, translated the Bible into English in 1526 → Became the basis for the King James version
Henry VIII
Second of the Tudor Monarchs → wanted to divorce Catherine fo Aragon, broke from the Church and created Anglican Church
Catherine of Aragon
Henry VIII’s first wife, no male heirs → Charles V’s aunt, very Catholic
Anne Boleyn
Henry VIII’s second wife, also no male heirs, mother of Elizabeth I
Thomas Cranmer
convinced Henry tha he could divorce Catherine by breaking away from Rome
Church of England (Anglican Church)
Very similar to Catholicism but Henry VIII was the head
Act of Supremacy
Made the king officially head of church
Act of Succession
All the king’s subjects had to take an oath of loyalty to the king as head of the Anglican Church
Statue fo the Six Articles
The Anglican Church maintained most of the Catholic doctines despite its independence from Rome
Edward VI
10 years old when he bacame king → England moved towards Protestantism adopting Calvanism → his death lead to a religious struggle between Protestants and Catholics
Mary Tudor “Bloody Mary”
tried to unsuccesfully reimpose Catholicism → Daughter of Catherine of Aragon → got nickname “Bloody Mary”
Elizabeth I
Oversaw the development of Protestantism, was a politique, very important monarch
politique
thought politics were more important than religion in ruling → Elizabeth was one who allowed both Catholic and Protestant worshipping
Elizabethan Settlement
Elizabeth and Parliament required conformity to the Church of England but people were, in effect, allowed to worship Protestantism and Catholicism privately
Thirty-Nine Articles
defined the creed of the Anglican Church → followed Protestant doctrine but was vague enough to accommodate most of the English, except the Puritans
Katherine con Bora
Martin Luther’s wife, showed how marrige became more about live between the man and woman
Anglea Merici, Ursuline order of Nuns
founded the program in the 1530s to provide education and religious training → foundation for the future of young girls within the church
Teresa de Avila
A major Spanish leader of the reform movement for monasteries and convents → individuals could have a direct relationship with God through prayer and contemplation
Catholic (Counter) Reformation
Catholic church reformed and changed some of its ways → could have been for self or in counter to Protestantism
Pope Paul III
Most important pope in reforming the Church and challenging Protestantism → reformed existing doctrine
Council of Trent
estalished Catholic dogma for the next four centuries → solved problems addressed by Prostants, literary theology
Index of Prohibited Books
books that supported Protestantism or that were overly critical of the Chruch were banned from Catholic countries
Jesuits (Society of Jesus)
founded by Ignatius Loyola, orgnized in a military fashion to spread and preach Catholicism
Ignatius Loyola
founder of Jesuits → had a guidebook called Spiritual Exercises
Spanish and Italian Inquisitions (Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office)
Jesuits oversaw this. Spain persecuted Moors and Jews were were suspected of backsliding to their original faiths
Mannerism
art style that was a reaction agiants the Renaissance ideals of balance, symmetry, simplicity and realsitic use of colour → works were unnatural, acidic colours, while shapes were elongated or otherwise exaggerated
El Greco
a Greek artist who did most of his greatest work in Spain → greatest of the Mannerists
Baroque Art
part of the Catholic Reformation → it began in Catholic Reformation countries to teach in a concrete and emotional way and demonstrate the glory and power of the Catholic Church
Gianlorenzo Bernini
personified baroque architecture and sulpture → made the Colonnade, St. Peter’s Baldachin, and The Ecstasy of St. Teresa
Colonnade in piazza in front of St. Peter’s Basilica
Bernini’s greatest architectural achievement
St. Peter’s Baldachin
Bernini sculpted this as the canopy over the high alter of St. Peter’s Cathedral
Ecstasy of St. Teresa
Bernini’s altarpiece sculpture that is known for the emotions it evokes
Caravaggio, tenebrism
Roman painter → was the first important painter of the Baroque era → used light and dark
Peter Paul Rubens
Flemish painter → worked for Habsburg court, most of his work dealt with Christian ideas
Diego Velázquez
court painter → numerous portraits of Spanish court and their surroundings → Las Meninas
Artemesia Gentileschi
first female artist to gain recognition in the post-Renaissance era → first woman to paint historical and religious scenes
Philip II
A Habsburg ruler, son of Charles V, sought to reimpose Catholicism in Europe
Escorial
a new royal palace was built in Madrid in the shape of a grill to commemorate the matyrdom of St. Lawrence → symbolized the power of Phillip and his commitment ot the Catholic Crusdae
Battle of Lapanto
Spain defeated the Turkish navy off the coast of Greece
Dutch Revolt
The Netherlands revolted against Spain for religious purposes
William of Orange
led 17 provinces in the Netherlands and Flanders against the Spanish Inquisition
Spanish Inquisition
Philip sought to crush the rise of Calvanism in the Netherlands
United Provinces of the Netherlands
formed in 1581, recieved aid from England under Elizabeth I → made it hard for Philip to maintain his empire
Spanish Netherlands
modern day Belgium, the 10 southern provinces remained under Spain’s control
Spanish Armada
Spain’s attempt to invade England ended in disaster → bad weather and England’s better-built navy beat the Spanish → signaled the rise of England as a world naval power
French Civil Wars
9 wars between 1562-1598 occured → power struggle between 3 noble families for the crown ensued
Catherine de Medicis
Three French kings from 1559-1589 were dominated by their mother, who as a regent fought hard to maintain Catholic control in France
St. Bartholomew Day Massacre
A Huguenot and Catholic married, hoping to reconcile the two → caused more issues leading to Catholics massacring the Huguenots
War of the Three Henrys
civil wars between Valois, Guise, and Bourbons
Henry IV
became the first Bourbon king → was a politique
Edict of Nantes
Henry IV granted a degree of religious toleration to the Huguenots and ushered in an era of religious pluralism
Thirty Years’ War
from 1618-1648 → failure of Peace of Augsburg, HRE wanted to re-Catholicize
Bohemian Phase
1st phase of war → Protestantism was eliminated in this area
Defenestration of Prague
Triggered the Bohemian phase → 2 HRE officials thrown out a window
Albrecht von Wallenstein
a mercenary general who was paid by the emperor to fight for the HRE → invaded Northern Germany and won a number of important battles against Protestant armies
Edict of Restitution
the Emperor declared all church territories that had been secularized since 1552 to be automatically restored to Catholic Church
Gustavus Adolphus
King of Sweden → led an army that pushed Catholic forces back to Bohemia
French Phase
4th phase of the war → “international” phase
Cardinal Richelieu
French cardinal who allied with Protestant forces to defeat HRE → seen as a politique
Treaty of Westphalia
renewed Peace of Augsburg but added Calvanism as politically acceptable faith → ended the war
English Civil War
struggle between the king and Parliament regarding taxation and civil liberties
Stuart Dynasty
The ruling family of England with James I
James I
English king → believed in “divine right” of king
“divine right” of kings
kings were messangers of God, given that right of rule by Him
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Flashcard (24)