Animal Science 101 Exam 2 Notes Study Guide

Mass production, cleaner/safer product

In the 1890's what did the shift from rural to urban demand mean?

(1) Healthy cow

(2) Careful grooming of the cows

(3) Clean hands and clean clothing

(4) Clean, dust-free barns

(5) Thoroughly washed and sterilized milking utensils

(6) Prompt and effective cooling of the milk

What are the 6 basic requirements for the sanitation key to expansion

European Union, United States, & India

What is the top 3 milk producing countries?

It increased

What is the trend of the United States dairy consumption and milk production over the years?

Fluid Milk: 91.10

Butter: 2.51

Cheese: 15.23

What is the United States Per Capita Consumption of fluid milk, butter, and cheese?

13

What is Iowa's rank of milk production in the United States?

Number of farms has decreased, but milk production has increased

What is the trend in dairy production concerning the number of farms compared to milk production?

Use of AI and data collection, genetic evaluations, and advancements in technology

What factors push the trends we are seeing in the United States?

Feeding, harvest, and environmental

Where are we seeing the advancements of technology in the Dairy industry?

Separate from dam at birth, collect the colostrum, navel dip, weigh, milk replacer, calf starter, then free choice water

Explain the production cycle of managing calving.

ASAP

When do we separate the calf from the dam?

Biosecurity (avoid fecal-oral contact), bonding, and we need to hand feed the colostrum

Why do the sperate the calf from the dam ASAP?

4 quarts, then 2 quarts

How many quarts of colostrum do we feed within the first 24 hours? 2 hours?

Hutches/huts and condos

What are the two kinds of calving housing?

Isolation, easy to manage, washable, durable, but they are expensive

Why do we use calf hutches?

Isolation (no nose to nose contact), permanent, and inexpensive

Why would we use calf condos?

Different from separating from the dam. Meaning we are weaning the calf from milk and are changing the diet of the calf

Define weaning in dairy calf.

Wean based on starter consumption (on an intake-base)

When do we wean a dairy calf?

Preparation to breed and enter the milking herd

What is heifer development?

A moderate energy intake that promotes growth, not fat.

What does ration do in heifer development?

Small groups for socialization where proper intake is assured.

What does the housing look like for heifer development?

Yes

Do we vaccinate in heifer development?

Puberty= function of age and weight

When do we breed dairy cattle?

To get the heifer to calve at 2 years old

What is the goal in dairy cattle breeding concerning first calving?

3 weeks before and 3 weeks after calving (Ration changes are critical)

What is the transition period?

Dystocia, DA, and Milk fever

What are some disorder concerns to look out for during calving?

Difficulty calving

Define dystocia

Displaced abomasum

Define DA

Low blood calcium

What causes milk fever?

Water: 87%

Solids: 13%

What percent of milk is water and what percent is solids?

Protein, Fat, Lactose, along with other solids

What are the solids found in milk?

305

How many days does a dairy cow milk for?

2x= milked twice a day

How many times a day are dairy cattle milked?

Mature equivalent

What is ME in the formula 305 2X ME?

Adjusts record according to age, season, location

What does the mature equivalent do?

Gillette Emperor Smurf

Who is the world record holder for dairy cattle?

132 lbs of milk/day for 365 days

What did the world record holder average for milk/day?

Equipment, sanitation, and labor efficiency

What are the main factors concerning milking?

Step-Up

What type of milking parlor is this?

Carousel

What type of milking parlor is this?

Herringbone

What type of milking parlor is this?

Parallel

What type of milking parlor is this?

Free stall and tie stall/stanchion

What are the type of housing for dairy cattle?

Cows are free to lounge around

What is a free stall housing?

Individual feeding and care, but results in more labor

What is tie stall housing?

Clean and dry

What does the bedding look like in the dairy cattle housing environment?

Sand, shavings, and straw

What are the bedding types used for dairy cattle?

Keeps cows cool and removes moisture

What does ventilation do in dairy housing?

Fans, ridge vents, tunnel ventilation, and curtain slides

What types of ventilation are used in dairy housing?

Timing (daily on a schedule), consistency (Keep types of feeds consistent), and TMR

What are the feeding considerations put in place for dairy cattle?

Total mixed ration

What does TMR stand for?

Every 12-13 months

How often do dairy cattle calve?

AI

How do most all programs in the U.S. breed dairy cattle?

6-8 weeks

How long is the dry period?

Prepares cows for the next lactation cycle

What does the dry period do?

Ayrshire

This is a Scotland breed, has an average milk production, is reddish brown and white, and is known for its excellent udders

Brown Swiss

This is the oldest Switzerland breed, is the 2nd highest in milk production, is brown/light brown in color, and is a great grazer

Jersey

Chanel Island breed, smallest in stature, has an average milk production and a high butterfat content, has a heat tolerance, and is gray, fawn, and black in color

Guernsey

Also a channel Island breed, has an average milk production, yellow color milk (high beta carotene), and is a tan and white color

Milking Shorthorns

This is an England breed, lowest milk production, red white and roan color, accounts for less than 0.5% of dairy cattle

Holstein

Holland breed, accounts for 90% of all dairy cattle, has the highest milk production, and has a two color pattern (black and white or red and white)

Hybrid vigor, complementarity of breeds, and reduces inbreeding

What caused an increase in the interest of cross breeding dairy cattle?

Asia

Where were sheep and goats domesticated?

It has decreased

What is the trend of the US sheep inventory over the past years?

Saw an increase around 2008, then began to decrease. We began to see an increase

Trend of the goat population in the US?

Easy to handle, require little facilities and equipment, roughage is the primary feed, limited labor, need "better" fencing, have internal parasite issues.

What does working with sheep look like?

Purebred, commercial, feedlot, club lambs, dairy, and wool

What are the different sheep "enterprises"?

Range and farm flocks

What are the different types of commercial enterprises?

Range Flocks

This is a low input flock, but large in size. Mainly consists of white face breeds. Found in western environments and consists of 80% or more of US sheep.

Farm flock

This is a higher input flock, but smaller in size. Can be found in the Midwest and east focus. Mostly meat breed based.

3 million

Approximately how many lambs are processed per year through the feedlot?

130 pounds

How much should a market lamb weigh?

0.5 to 0.7 pounds per day

Gain per day of a market lamb?

High Concentration

What kind of diet will feedlot sheep consume in time to market?

Est Friesian, Lacaune, Aveyron, France, and Awassi

What are the most common dairy breeds of sheep?

900-1,100 lbs per lactation of 220-240 days

What is the average milk production of sheep?

$60-$65

What is the price per cwt of sheep milk?

<10%

What percent of the sheep industry is wool?

Mainly range band flocks

What flock is wool based?

30 million

How many pounds of greasy wool does the US produce?

Water and flame resistant along with soiling, wrinkles, and moisture. Good insulation, elasticity, dyeability, and strong and durable.

What are the different properties of wool?

7.3 pounds

What is the average fleece weight in the U.S.?

5 minutes

How long does the shearing process take?

When its dry

When do we shorn wool?

Removal of the interior portions of wool

Define skirting

"Blood Grade", Numerical count system, and micron diameter

What are the three systems of wool quality?

Clean yield, crimp, uniformity, color, and staple length

What other factors influence value of wool?

Fine, 1/2 blood, 3/8 blood, 1/4 blood, low-1/4 blood, common and braid

What is "Blood Grade"?

The spinning count, the number of hanks

What is the Numerical count system?

360 yards of yearn

What is a hank?

Meat, milk, fiber, exhibition, land/brush management, and pets

What do we use goats for?

10 months

What is the lactation period of goats?

4

Goats peak at ______ weeks.

Day: 6-8 pounds/day

Period: 2000-2200 lbs/period

What is the average milk production per day? per lactation period?

3 to 4%

What percent of goat milk is fat?

3.5%

What percent of goat milk is protein?

Contains smaller fat molecules

Why does goat milk have a greater digestibility?

Increasing

What does the total dairy goat population look like in the United States?

6-12 pounds

How much fleece do we harvest from a mohair per year?

Cashmere

What is China's largest producer of wool?